上一段活用
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 上 | 一 | 段 | 活 | 用 |
| かみ Grade: 1 |
いち Grade: 1 |
だん Grade: 6 |
かつ Grade: 2 |
よう Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi | goon | kan’on | ||
Etymology
Compound of 上 (kami, “upper”) + 一段活用 (ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”).
Literally, 上一段 (kami ichidan, “upper monograde”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 上 (kami, “upper”) means the vowel i, which is written above the vowel e, the other inflection-related vowel. 一段 (ichidan, “one grade”) means only one vowel is involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus this can be understood as “one-voweled conjugation in i”.
Pronunciation
Noun
上一段活用 • (kami ichidan katsuyō) ←かみいちだんくわつよう (kamiitidankwatuyou)?
- (grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in -i and consists of four alternating bases: -i, -iru, -ire, and -iyo/-iro
| Modern | 未然形 Irrealis |
連用形 Adverbial |
終止形 Conclusive |
連体形 Attributive |
仮定形 Conditional |
命令形 Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 着る (ki-, “to wear”) | 着 (ki) | 着 (ki) | 着る (kiru) | 着る (kiru) | 着れ (kire) | 着よ (kiyo) 着ろ (kiro) |
| 閉じる (toji-, “to close”) | 閉じ (toji) | 閉じ (toji) | 閉じる (tojiru) | 閉じる (tojiru) | 閉じれ (tojire) | 閉じよ (tojiyo) 閉じろ (tojiro) |
| 似る (ni-, “to resemble”) | 似 (ni) | 似 (ni) | 似る (niru) | 似る (niru) | 似れ (nire) | 似よ (niyo) 似ろ (niro) |
| 伸びる (nobi-, “to extend”) | 伸び (nobi) | 伸び (nobi) | 伸びる (nobiru) | 伸びる (nobiru) | 伸びれ (nobire) | 伸びよ (nobiyo) 伸びろ (nobiro) |
| 見る (mi-, “to see”) | 見 (mi) | 見 (mi) | 見る (miru) | 見る (miru) | 見れ (mire) | 見よ (miyo) 見ろ (miro) |
| 降りる (ori-, “to descend”) | 降り (ori) | 降り (ori) | 降りる (oriru) | 降りる (oriru) | 降りれ (orire) | 降りよ (oriyo) 降りろ (oriro) |
| Archaic | 未然形 Irrealis |
連用形 Adverbial |
終止形 Conclusive |
連体形 Attributive |
已然形 Realis |
命令形 Imperative |
| 着る (ki-, “to wear”) | 着 (ki1 → ki) | 着 (ki1 → ki) | 着る (ki1ru → kiru) | 着る (ki1ru → kiru) | 着れ (ki1re → kire) | 着よ (ki1yo2 → kiyo) |
| 似る (ni-, “to resemble”) | 似 (ni) | 似 (ni) | 似る (niru) | 似る (niru) | 似れ (nire) | 似よ (niyo2 → niyo) |
| 見る (mi-, “to see”) | 見 (mi1 → mi) | 見 (mi1 → mi) | 見る (mi1ru → miru) | 見る (mi1ru → miru) | 見れ (mi1re → mire) | 見よ (mi1yo2 → miyo) |
The subscripts in the table above indicate differences in vowel class that were already being lost in Old Japanese. It remains unclear what those different vowel classes may have meant. See the Syllables section in the Wikipedia article on Old Japanese for more details.