刻苦

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Chinese

quarter (hour); (a measure word); to carve
quarter (hour); (a measure word); to carve; to engrave; to cut; oppressive
 
bitter; intensely; miserable
bitter; intensely; miserable; painful
 
trad. (刻苦) 刻 苦
simp. #(刻苦) 刻 苦

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Adjective

刻苦

  1. industrious; assiduous; diligent
  2. (of life) basic; frugal

Synonyms

  • (industrious):
  • (frugal):

Antonyms

  • (antonym(s) of “industrious”): 懶惰／懒惰 (lǎnduò)

Adverb

刻苦

  1. industriously; assiduously; diligently; hard
    刻苦學習／刻苦学习  ―  kèkǔ xuéxí  ―  to study hard

Verb

刻苦

  1. (dialectal) to treat harshly

Synonyms

Japanese

Kanji in this term
刻 苦
こく > こっ
Grade: 6 		く
Grade: 3
on'yomi

Noun

刻(こっ)苦(く) • (kokku) 

  1. hard work

Verb

刻(こっ)苦(く)する • (kokku suru) suru (stem 刻(こっ)苦(く)し (kokku shi), past 刻(こっ)苦(く)した (kokku shita))

  1. work hard

Conjugation

Conjugation of "刻苦する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 刻苦し こっくし kokku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 刻苦し こっくし kokku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 刻苦する こっくする kokku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 刻苦する こっくする kokku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 刻苦すれ こっくすれ kokku sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 刻苦せよ¹
刻苦しろ² 		こっくせよ¹
こっくしろ² 		kokku seyo¹
kokku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 刻苦される こっくされる kokku sareru
Causative 刻苦させる
刻苦さす 		こっくさせる
こっくさす 		kokku saseru
kokku sasu
Potential 刻苦できる こっくできる kokku dekiru
Volitional 刻苦しよう こっくしよう kokku shiyō
Negative 刻苦しない こっくしない kokku shinai
Negative continuative 刻苦せず こっくせず kokku sezu
Formal 刻苦します こっくします kokku shimasu
Perfective 刻苦した こっくした kokku shita
Conjunctive 刻苦して こっくして kokku shite
Hypothetical conditional 刻苦すれば こっくすれば kokku sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

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