懈怠

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Chinese

lax; negligent
idle; lazy; negligent
idle; lazy; negligent; careless
 
trad. (懈怠) 懈 怠
simp. #(懈怠) 懈 怠

Pronunciation

Adjective

懈怠

  1. slack; sluggish; remiss; lax
    紀律懈怠。／纪律懈怠。  ―  Jìlǜ xièdài.  ―  Discipline is lax.

Synonyms

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (懈怠):

Japanese

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
懈 怠
かい
Hyōgai 		たい
Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 懈怠 (hɛX doiX, literally “idle + negligent”). The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

Noun

懈(かい)怠(たい) • (kaitai) 

  1. (law) laches: a kind of lapse wherein an opposing party has neglected to invoke its rights within a certain period of time
  2. (civil law) negligence
  3. laziness, idleness, carelessness
Usage notes

The Japanese Wikipedia article 懈怠 (法学) describing the legal laches and negligence senses uses the ketai reading. However, dictionaries tend to list kaitai as the primary reading for the legal senses.[1][2]

Synonyms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
懈 怠
け
Hyōgai 		たい
Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 懈怠 (hɛX doiX, literally “idle + negligent”). A mixed reading, so likely a later development within Japanese. Uses the goon of ke for the first half, and the kan'on of tai for the second half.

Pronunciation

Noun

懈(け)怠(たい) • (ketai) 

  1. laziness, idleness, carelessness
  2. (law) laches: a kind of lapse wherein an opposing party has neglected to invoke its rights within a certain period of time
  3. (civil law) negligence
  4. (Buddhism) spiritual slothfulness: kausidya
Usage notes

The kedai reading below is more common for the Buddhist spiritual slothfulness sense.

Synonyms

Verb

懈(け)怠(たい)する • (ketai suru) suru (stem 懈(け)怠(たい)し (ketai shi), past 懈(け)怠(たい)した (ketai shita))

  1. to be lazy, to be careless
Conjugation
Conjugation of "懈怠する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 懈怠し けたいし ketai shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 懈怠し けたいし ketai shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 懈怠する けたいする ketai suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 懈怠する けたいする ketai suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 懈怠すれ けたいすれ ketai sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 懈怠せよ¹
懈怠しろ² 		けたいせよ¹
けたいしろ² 		ketai seyo¹
ketai shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 懈怠される けたいされる ketai sareru
Causative 懈怠させる
懈怠さす 		けたいさせる
けたいさす 		ketai saseru
ketai sasu
Potential 懈怠できる けたいできる ketai dekiru
Volitional 懈怠しよう けたいしよう ketai shiyō
Negative 懈怠しない けたいしない ketai shinai
Negative continuative 懈怠せず けたいせず ketai sezu
Formal 懈怠します けたいします ketai shimasu
Perfective 懈怠した けたいした ketai shita
Conjunctive 懈怠して けたいして ketai shite
Hypothetical conditional 懈怠すれば けたいすれば ketai sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
懈 怠
け
Hyōgai 		だい
Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 懈怠 (hɛX doiX, literally “idle + negligent”). The goon, so likely the original borrowing.

Pronunciation

Noun

懈(け)怠(だい) • (kedai) 

  1. (Buddhism) spiritual slothfulness: kausidya
  2. laziness, idleness, carelessness
Usage notes

The ketai reading above is more common for the laziness sense.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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