播種

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See also: 播种

Chinese

sow; scatter; spread
sow; scatter; spread; broadcast
 
to plant; to cultivate; kind
to plant; to cultivate; kind; type; race; breed; seed; species (taxonomy)
 
trad. (播種) 播 種
simp. (播种) 播 种

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Verb

播⫽種 (verb-object)

  1. (intransitive) to sow seeds
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 播種 (“to sow seeds”)
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 下種
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 播種, 撒種, 下種, 下子
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 播種, 撒種
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 下種, 播種
Central Plains Mandarin Xining 下種
Xuzhou 下種
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 撒種
Lanzhou 下子, 下種
Ürümqi 下種
Southwestern Mandarin Liuzhou 播種, 撒種
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 播種, 撒種
Yangzhou 下種, 播種
Cantonese Guangzhou 落種
Hong Kong 播種
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 下種, 落種
Macau 落種
Guangzhou (Panyu) 落種
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 撒秧
Guangzhou (Conghua) 撒秧
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 落種
Foshan 播種
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 落種
Foshan (Shunde) 落種
Foshan (Sanshui) 下種
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 下秧
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 下種
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 下種
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 落種
Zhuhai (Doumen) 下種
Jiangmen (Baisha) 下秧
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 下秧
Taishan 下秧
Kaiping (Chikan) 下秧
Enping (Niujiang) 下秧
Heshan (Yayao) 下秧
Dongguan 落種
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 下秧
Gan Lichuan 下種
Hakka Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 下秧, 下種
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 下種
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 下種, 下穀種
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 落穀
Jin Taiyuan 種子子
Xinzhou 滴子兒
Northern Min Jian'ou 下種, 撒種
Eastern Min Fuzhou 䆊種
Southern Min Xiamen 掖種, 放種, 落種, 落塗
Quanzhou 掖種, 掖子, 落種, 落塗
Zhangzhou 掖種, 掖子, 放子, 落種, 落塗
Tainan 掖種
Jieyang 掖種, 落塗
Haikou 掖種
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 下秧
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 撒種
Wu Shanghai (Chongming) 下種子
Hangzhou 下種
Wenzhou 間種
Xiang Changsha 下種
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Verb

播種

  1. (transitive) to grow by sowing seeds

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
播 種
は
Jinmeiyō 		しゅ
Grade: 4
on'yomi goon

Appears to be a learned borrowing from Chinese 播種 / 播种. Ultimately from Middle Chinese compound 播種 / 播种 (paH tsyowngX, literally “to sow + seed”) or 播種 / 播种 (paH tsyowngH, literally “to sow + to sow”). First cited in Japanese to 1872.[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

播(は)種(しゅ) • (hashu) 

  1. sowing, the spreading of seed on the ground for growing a crop
    Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
  2. (rare, medicine) dissemination (the spreading out of cells within the body, particularly cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
    Synonyms: 散在 (sanzai), 汎発 (hanpatsu)
    Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasis”)
Derived terms
Derived terms

Verb

播(は)種(しゅ)する • (hashu suru) suru (stem 播(は)種(しゅ)し (hashu shi), past 播(は)種(しゅ)した (hashu shita))

  1. (transitive) to sow, to spread seed on the ground for growing a crop
    Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
  2. (rare, intransitive, medicine) to disseminate (to spread out within the body, particularly for cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
    Synonyms: 散在 (sanzai), 汎発 (hanpatsu)
    Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasize”)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "播種する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 播種し はしゅし hashu shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 播種し はしゅし hashu shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 播種する はしゅする hashu suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 播種する はしゅする hashu suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 播種すれ はしゅすれ hashu sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 播種せよ¹
播種しろ² 		はしゅせよ¹
はしゅしろ² 		hashu seyo¹
hashu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 播種される はしゅされる hashu sareru
Causative 播種させる
播種さす 		はしゅさせる
はしゅさす 		hashu saseru
hashu sasu
Potential 播種できる はしゅできる hashu dekiru
Volitional 播種しよう はしゅしよう hashu shiyō
Negative 播種しない はしゅしない hashu shinai
Negative continuative 播種せず はしゅせず hashu sezu
Formal 播種します はしゅします hashu shimasu
Perfective 播種した はしゅした hashu shita
Conjunctive 播種して はしゅして hashu shite
Hypothetical conditional 播種すれば はしゅすれば hashu sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
播 種
はん
Jinmeiyō 		しゅ
Grade: 4
kan'yōon goon

Variation of hashu reading, using the kan'yōon of han for the first character. First cited to 1879.[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

播(はん)種(しゅ) • (hanshu) 

  1. (rare) sowing, the spreading of seed on the ground for growing a crop
    Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
  2. (medicine) dissemination (the spreading out of cells within the body, particularly cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
    Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasis”)

Verb

播(はん)種(しゅ)する • (hanshu suru) suru (stem 播(はん)種(しゅ)し (hanshu shi), past 播(はん)種(しゅ)した (hanshu shita))

  1. (rare, transitive) to sow, to spread seed on the ground for growing a crop
    Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
  2. (intransitive, medicine) to disseminate (to spread out within the body, particularly for cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
    Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasize”)
Usage notes
  • Although some dictionaries[1][5][6] list this separate reading with a distinct sense, other dictionaries[2][7][3][4] do not list any hanshu reading, and if they include the medical dissemination sense, they do so under the hanshu reading.[1]
  • The Microsoft IME for Japanese only recognizes the hashu reading for this kanji compound.
Conjugation
Conjugation of "播種する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 播種し はしゅし hashu shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 播種し はしゅし hashu shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 播種する はしゅする hashu suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 播種する はしゅする hashu suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 播種すれ はしゅすれ hashu sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 播種せよ¹
播種しろ² 		はしゅせよ¹
はしゅしろ² 		hashu seyo¹
hashu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 播種される はしゅされる hashu sareru
Causative 播種させる
播種さす 		はしゅさせる
はしゅさす 		hashu saseru
hashu sasu
Potential 播種できる はしゅできる hashu dekiru
Volitional 播種しよう はしゅしよう hashu shiyō
Negative 播種しない はしゅしない hashu shinai
Negative continuative 播種せず はしゅせず hashu sezu
Formal 播種します はしゅします hashu shimasu
Perfective 播種した はしゅした hashu shita
Conjunctive 播種して はしゅして hashu shite
Hypothetical conditional 播種すれば はしゅすれば hashu sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 “播種”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  5. ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  6. ^ http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/149124/m3u/%E6%92%AD%E7%A8%AE/
  7. ^ “播種”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
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