播種

See also: 播种

Chinese

		sow; scatter; spread sow; scatter; spread; broadcast	to plant; to cultivate; kind to plant; to cultivate; kind; type; race; breed; seed; species (taxonomy)
trad. (播種)		播	種
simp. (播种)		播	种

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bōzhǒng, bòzhǒng

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄛㄓㄨㄥˇ, ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bo³ zung²
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pò͘-chéng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bōzhǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄛㄓㄨㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bojhǒng
  - Wade–Giles: po¹-chung³
  - Yale: bwō-jǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bojoong
  - Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    嶓冢
    播種 / 播种
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bòzhǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bòjhǒng
  - Wade–Giles: po⁴-chung³
  - Yale: bwò-jǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bohjoong
  - Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bo³ zung²
  - Yale: bo júng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bo³ dzung²
  - Guangdong Romanization: bo³ zung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɔː³³ t͡sʊŋ³⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pò͘-chéng
  - Tâi-lô: pòo-tsíng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: porzeang
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

Verb

播⫽種 (verb-object)

(intransitive) to sow seeds

Synonyms

edit

下子 (xiàzǐ)
下種 / 下种
播
撒種 / 撒种 (sǎzhǒng)

Dialectal synonyms of 播種 (“to sow seeds”)

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		下種
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		播種, 撒種, 下種, 下子
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	播種, 撒種
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	下種, 播種
Central Plains Mandarin	Xining	下種
	Xuzhou	下種
	Pizhou	下種
	Lianyungang (Ganyu)	下種, 撒種
	Donghai	點種, 撒種
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	撒種
	Lanzhou	下子, 下種
	Ürümqi	下種
Southwestern Mandarin	Liuzhou	播種, 撒種
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	下種, 播種, 撒種
	Yangzhou	下種, 播種
	Baoying	下種
	Taizhou	下種
	Zhenjiang	下種
	Lianyungang	溜種, 擱種
	Huai'an (Huaiyin)	下種
	Xuyi	下種
	Nantong	下種
	Rugao	下種
	Yancheng	下種
	Funing	下種
	Sihong	下種
Cantonese	Guangzhou	落種
	Hong Kong	播種
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	下種, 落種
	Macau	落種
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	落種
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	撒秧
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	撒秧
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	落種
	Foshan	播種
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	落種
	Foshan (Shunde)	落種
	Foshan (Sanshui)	下種
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	下秧
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	下種
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	下種
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	落種
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	下種
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	下秧
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	下秧
	Taishan	下秧
	Kaiping (Chikan)	下秧
	Enping (Niujiang)	下秧
	Heshan (Yayao)	下秧
	Dongguan	落種
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	下秧
Gan	Lichuan	下種
Hakka	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	下秧, 下種
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	下種
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	下種, 下穀種
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	落穀
Jin	Taiyuan	種子子
Jin	Xinzhou	滴子兒
Northern Min	Jian'ou	下種, 撒種
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	䆊種
Southern Min	Xiamen	掖種, 放種, 落種, 落塗
	Quanzhou	掖種, 掖子, 掖秧, 落種, 落塗
	Jinjiang	掖種
	Zhangzhou	掖種, 掖子, 放子, 落種, 落塗
	Tainan	掖種
	Chaozhou	落種
	Jieyang	掖種, 落塗
	Haikou	掖種
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	下秧
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	撒種
Wu	Shanghai (Chongming)	下種子
	Suzhou	落種
	Wuxi	落穀
	Nantong (Haimen)	落穀
	Changzhou	落穀
	Danyang	下種
	Nanjing (Gaochun)	下種
	Hangzhou	下種
	Wenzhou	間種
Xiang	Changsha	下種

Derived terms

播種機 / 播种机

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bōzhòng, bòzhòng

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄛㄓㄨㄥˋ, ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bo³ zung³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pô-chung
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): pò͘-chèng

(Teochew, Peng'im): bua³ zêng³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bōzhòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄛㄓㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bojhòng
  - Wade–Giles: po¹-chung⁴
  - Yale: bwō-jùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bojonq
  - Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bòzhòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bòjhòng
  - Wade–Giles: po⁴-chung⁴
  - Yale: bwò-jùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bohjonq
  - Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bo³ zung³
  - Yale: bo jung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bo³ dzung³
  - Guangdong Romanization: bo³ zung³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɔː³³ t͡sʊŋ³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pô-chung
  - Hakka Romanization System: bo^ˊ zung
  - Hagfa Pinyim: bo¹ zung⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /po²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡suŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pò͘-chèng
  - Tâi-lô: pòo-tsìng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: porzexng
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɪŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bua³ zêng³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puà tsèng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡seŋ²¹³/

Verb

播種

(transitive) to grow by sowing seeds

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
播	種
は Jinmeiyō	しゅ Grade: 4
on'yomi	goon

Appears to be a learned borrowing from Chinese 播種 / 播种. Ultimately from Middle Chinese compound 播種 / 播种 (pa^H tsyowng^X, literally “to sow + seed”) or 播種 / 播种 (pa^H tsyowng^H, literally “to sow + to sow”). First cited in Japanese to 1872.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) はしゅ (Atamadaka – )
IPA^(key):

Noun

播(は)種(しゅ) • (hashu)

sowing, the spreading of seed on the ground for growing a crop
Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
(rare, medicine) dissemination (the spreading out of cells within the body, particularly cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
Synonyms: 散在 (sanzai), 汎発 (hanpatsu)

Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasis”)

Derived terms

播種機(はしゅき) (hashuki) a sower, a device or machine for sowing seeds
播種性(はしゅせい) (hashusei) disseminated (said of a disease)

Verb

播(は)種(しゅ)する • (hashu suru) suru (stem 播(は)種(しゅ)し (hashu shi), past 播(は)種(しゅ)した (hashu shita))

(transitive) to sow, to spread seed on the ground for growing a crop
Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
(rare, intransitive, medicine) to disseminate (to spread out within the body, particularly for cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
Synonyms: 散在 (sanzai), 汎発 (hanpatsu)

Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasize”)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "播種する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	播種し	はしゅし	hashu shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	播種し	はしゅし	hashu shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	播種する	はしゅする	hashu suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	播種する	はしゅする	hashu suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	播種すれ	はしゅすれ	hashu sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	播種せよ¹ 播種しろ²	はしゅせよ¹ はしゅしろ²	hashu seyo¹ hashu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	播種される	はしゅされる	hashu sareru
Causative	播種させる播種さす	はしゅさせるはしゅさす	hashu saseru hashu sasu
Potential	播種できる	はしゅできる	hashu dekiru
Volitional	播種しよう	はしゅしよう	hashu shiyō
Negative	播種しない	はしゅしない	hashu shinai
Negative continuative	播種せず	はしゅせず	hashu sezu
Formal	播種します	はしゅします	hashu shimasu
Perfective	播種した	はしゅした	hashu shita
Conjunctive	播種して	はしゅして	hashu shite
Hypothetical conditional	播種すれば	はしゅすれば	hashu sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
播	種
はん Jinmeiyō	しゅ Grade: 4
kan'yōon	goon

Variation of hashu reading, using the kan'yōon of han for the first character. First cited to 1879.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):

Noun

播(はん)種(しゅ) • (hanshu)

(rare) sowing, the spreading of seed on the ground for growing a crop
Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
(medicine) dissemination (the spreading out of cells within the body, particularly cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasis”)

Verb

播(はん)種(しゅ)する • (hanshu suru) suru (stem 播(はん)種(しゅ)し (hanshu shi), past 播(はん)種(しゅ)した (hanshu shita))

(rare, transitive) to sow, to spread seed on the ground for growing a crop
Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)
(intransitive, medicine) to disseminate (to spread out within the body, particularly for cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)
Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasize”)

Usage notes

Although some dictionaries list this separate reading with a distinct sense, other dictionaries do not list any hanshu reading, and if they include the medical dissemination sense, they do so under the hanshu reading.
The Microsoft IME for Japanese only recognizes the hashu reading for this kanji compound.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "播種する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	播種し	はしゅし	hashu shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	播種し	はしゅし	hashu shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	播種する	はしゅする	hashu suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	播種する	はしゅする	hashu suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	播種すれ	はしゅすれ	hashu sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	播種せよ¹ 播種しろ²	はしゅせよ¹ はしゅしろ²	hashu seyo¹ hashu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	播種される	はしゅされる	hashu sareru
Causative	播種させる播種さす	はしゅさせるはしゅさす	hashu saseru hashu sasu
Potential	播種できる	はしゅできる	hashu dekiru
Volitional	播種しよう	はしゅしよう	hashu shiyō
Negative	播種しない	はしゅしない	hashu shinai
Negative continuative	播種せず	はしゅせず	hashu sezu
Formal	播種します	はしゅします	hashu shimasu
Perfective	播種した	はしゅした	hashu shita
Conjunctive	播種して	はしゅして	hashu shite
Hypothetical conditional	播種すれば	はしゅすれば	hashu sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 “播種”, in 日本国語大辞典 ‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
^ “DIC”, in goo辞書‎ (in Japanese) (dictionary), Goo, 2014 December 23 (last accessed), archived from the original on 2021-10-24
^ “播種”, in デジタル大辞泉 ‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months

[KDJ2-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 “播種”, in 日本国語大辞典 ‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[DJR-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK5-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 4.0 ^4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[K-5] Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

[goo-6] “DIC”, in goo辞書‎ (in Japanese) (dictionary), Goo, 2014 December 23 (last accessed), archived from the original on 2021-10-24

[DDJS-7] “播種”, in デジタル大辞泉 ‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months

播種

Chinese

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Verb

Synonyms

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Verb

Japanese

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Verb

Conjugation

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Verb

Usage notes

Conjugation

Further reading

References

Wikious

Boobota

Sagapedia