硬化
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Chinese
hard; stiff; strong hard; stiff; strong; firm |
to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (硬化) | 硬 | 化 | |
| simp. #(硬化) | 硬 | 化 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaang6 faa3
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngang-fa
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ngǐ-hòa / ngī-hòa / ngē-hòa / ngēe-hòa
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yìnghuà
- Wade–Giles: ying4-hua4
- Yale: yìng-hwà
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yinqhuah
- Palladius: инхуа (inxua)
- Sinological IPA (key): /iŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: ngaang6 faa3
- Yale: ngaahng fa
- Cantonese Pinyin: ngaang6 faa3
- Guangdong Romanization: ngang6 fa3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋaːŋ²² faː³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngang-fa
- Hakka Romanization System: ngang fa
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngang4 fa4
- Sinological IPA: /ŋaŋ⁵⁵ fa⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngǐ-hòa
- Tâi-lô: ngǐ-huà
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋĩ²² hua⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngī-hòa
- Tâi-lô: ngī-huà
- Phofsit Daibuun: ngixhoax
- IPA (Xiamen): /ŋĩ²²⁻²¹ hua²¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /ŋĩ³³⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngē-hòa
- Tâi-lô: ngē-huà
- Phofsit Daibuun: ngexhoax
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋẽ³³⁻²¹ hua²¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngēe-hòa
- Tâi-lô: ngēe-huà
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /ŋɛ̃²²⁻²¹ hua²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
Verb
硬化
- to harden; to become hard
- (figurative) to become rigid or inflexible
Noun
硬化
Derived terms
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 硬 | 化 |
| こう Grade: S |
か Grade: 3 |
| on'yomi | |
Pronunciation
Noun
Antonyms
- 軟化 (nanka)
Verb
硬化する • (kōka suru) ←かうくわ (kaukwa)?intransitive suru (stem 硬化し (kōka shi), past 硬化した (kōka shita))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "硬化する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 硬化し | こうかし | kōka shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 硬化し | こうかし | kōka shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 硬化する | こうかする | kōka suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 硬化する | こうかする | kōka suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 硬化すれ | こうかすれ | kōka sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 硬化せよ¹ 硬化しろ² |
こうかせよ¹ こうかしろ² |
kōka seyo¹ kōka shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 硬化される | こうかされる | kōka sareru | |
| Causative | 硬化させる 硬化さす |
こうかさせる こうかさす |
kōka saseru kōka sasu | |
| Potential | 硬化できる | こうかできる | kōka dekiru | |
| Volitional | 硬化しよう | こうかしよう | kōka shiyō | |
| Negative | 硬化しない | こうかしない | kōka shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 硬化せず | こうかせず | kōka sezu | |
| Formal | 硬化します | こうかします | kōka shimasu | |
| Perfective | 硬化した | こうかした | kōka shita | |
| Conjunctive | 硬化して | こうかして | kōka shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 硬化すれば | こうかすれば | kōka sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
References
Korean
| Hanja in this term | |
|---|---|
| 硬 | 化 |