総統

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
そう
Grade: 5
とう
Grade: 5
kan'on on'yomi
Alternative spelling
總統 (kyūjitai)
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Etymology

Ultimate derivation unclear. May be a coinage in Japan from Middle Chinese-derived elements, as a compound of (, all, everything) +‎ (, rule, govern).

First cited in Japanese to a text from 1869.

Pronunciation

Noun

(そう)(とう) (sōtō

  1. (archaic) general control over something; a person or official position with such control
  2. (government, politics, uncommon, China) president
  3. (government, politics) generalissimo (such as Francisco Franco of Spain), caudillo (such as Francisco Franco of Spain)
  4. (historical) Il DuceBenito Mussolini as the prime minister of fascist Italy
    • 2017 August 10, 松本治人, “「無能」ではなかった? 大戦時の東条首相 日本陸軍の研究(上)”, in 日経BizGate:
      英国の歴史家A・テイラー氏は第2次世界大戦の指導者を描いた著作の中でヒトラー総統(独)、ムッソリーニ総統(伊)、チャーチル首相(英)、ルーズベルト大統領(米)、スターリン首相(旧ソ連)を取り上げているのに対し、日本については「戦争指導者不明」としたという。
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
  5. (historical) the FührerAdolf Hitler as the chancellor of Nazi Germany
    • 2017 August 10, 松本治人, “「無能」ではなかった? 大戦時の東条首相 日本陸軍の研究(上)”, in 日経BizGate:
      英国の歴史家A・テイラー氏は第2次世界大戦の指導者を描いた著作の中でヒトラー総統(独)、ムッソリーニ総統(伊)、チャーチル首相(英)、ルーズベルト大統領(米)、スターリン首相(旧ソ連)を取り上げているのに対し、日本については「戦争指導者不明」としたという。
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Usage notes

The term is usually used to describe dictatorial or fascist politicians who are not monarchs. (だい)(とう)(りょう) (daitōryō) is used instead on elected politicians, even for nominally-elected dictators. The exception is the president of the Republic of China, where the term 総統 is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 總統 / 总统 (zǒngtǒng).

See also

Verb

(そう)(とう)する (sōtō surusuru (stem (そう)(とう) (sōtō shi), past (そう)(とう)した (sōtō shita))

  1. (archaic) to have or exercise general control over something
    Synonym: 統べ括る (subekukuru)

Conjugation

References

  1. ^ 総統”, in 日本国語大辞典 (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN