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ꜣd. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
ꜣd, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
ꜣd in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
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Egyptian
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Verb
2-lit.
- (intransitive, chiefly of crocodiles) to be(come) aggressive or savage
- (intransitive) to be(come) raging, angry (+ r: with, toward, + ḥr: about, over)
- (intransitive) to be(come) aggressively eager or rapacious, to raven (+ r: to be rapacious for, to raven after)
- (transitive, of fire) to rage at, attack, or harm (someone)
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE,
Coffin Texts, version S1P (outer coffin of Nakhti, Louvre E 11981) spell 148, lines 121–122:
[1]
- jnk ḥr ms.n ꜣst jry mkt.f m ẖnw swḥt nj ꜣd wj hh n(j) r(ꜣ).ṯn nj pḥ.n wj ḏdt.ṯn r.j
- I am Horus, born of Isis, whose protection was made within the egg: the fiery breath of your mouths will not rage against me, and what you may say against me cannot reach me.
Inflection
Conjugation of ꜣd (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜣd, geminated stem: ꜣdd
infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
ꜣd
|
ꜣdw, ꜣd
|
ꜣdt
|
ꜣd, j.ꜣd
|
ꜣd, j.ꜣd
|
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
ꜣd
|
ḥr ꜣd
|
m ꜣd
|
r ꜣd
|
suffix conjugation
|
aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
contingent
|
aspect / mood
|
active
|
passive
|
perfect
|
ꜣd.n
|
ꜣdw, ꜣd
|
consecutive
|
ꜣd.jn
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
terminative
|
ꜣdt
|
perfective3
|
ꜣd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
obligative1
|
ꜣd.ḫr
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
imperfective
|
ꜣd, j.ꜣd1
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
prospective3
|
ꜣd
|
ꜣdd
|
potentialis1
|
ꜣd.kꜣ
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
subjunctive
|
ꜣd, j.ꜣd1
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
verbal adjectives
|
aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
active
|
passive
|
active
|
passive
|
perfect
|
ꜣd.n
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
—
|
—
|
perfective
|
ꜣd
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
ꜣd
|
ꜣdd, ꜣddj6, ꜣd2, ꜣdw2 5, ꜣdy2 5
|
imperfective
|
j.ꜣd1, ꜣd, ꜣdy, ꜣdw5
|
active + .tj1, .tw2
|
j.ꜣd1, j.ꜣdw1 5, ꜣd, ꜣdj6, ꜣdy6
|
ꜣd, ꜣdw5
|
prospective
|
ꜣd, ꜣdtj7
|
—
|
ꜣdtj4, ꜣdt4
|
- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
|
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣd
Derived terms
Descendants
- Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲟⲧ (oot)
Noun
m
- aggression, rage, fury
- ― ḫsf ꜣd ― to put an end to or fend off (someone’s) fury
Inflection
Declension of ꜣd (masculine)
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣd
Etymology 2
Faulkner suggests this word may be a corrupt writing of ꜣhd (“to be(come) weak; to quiver”); Erman and Grapow instead suggest a connection with jꜣd (“to suffer”).
Verb
2-lit.
- (intransitive, rare, of body parts including the heart) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
- to be(come) feeble, listless, or failing
- to quiver or palpitate
Inflection
Conjugation of ꜣd (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜣd, geminated stem: ꜣdd
infinitival forms
|
imperative
|
infinitive
|
negatival complement
|
complementary infinitive1
|
singular
|
plural
|
ꜣd
|
ꜣdw, ꜣd
|
ꜣdt
|
ꜣd, j.ꜣd
|
ꜣd, j.ꜣd
|
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
|
stative stem
|
periphrastic imperfective2
|
periphrastic prospective2
|
ꜣd
|
ḥr ꜣd
|
m ꜣd
|
r ꜣd
|
suffix conjugation
|
aspect / mood
|
active
|
contingent
|
aspect / mood
|
active
|
perfect
|
ꜣd.n
|
consecutive
|
ꜣd.jn
|
terminative
|
ꜣdt
|
perfective3
|
ꜣd
|
obligative1
|
ꜣd.ḫr
|
imperfective
|
ꜣd, j.ꜣd1
|
prospective3
|
ꜣd
|
potentialis1
|
ꜣd.kꜣ
|
subjunctive
|
ꜣd, j.ꜣd1
|
verbal adjectives
|
aspect / mood
|
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
|
participles
|
active
|
active
|
passive
|
perfect
|
ꜣd.n
|
—
|
—
|
perfective
|
ꜣd
|
ꜣd
|
ꜣdd, ꜣddj6, ꜣd2, ꜣdw2 5, ꜣdy2 5
|
imperfective
|
j.ꜣd1, ꜣd, ꜣdy, ꜣdw5
|
j.ꜣd1, j.ꜣdw1 5, ꜣd, ꜣdj6, ꜣdy6
|
ꜣd, ꜣdw5
|
prospective
|
ꜣd, ꜣdtj7
|
ꜣdtj4, ꜣdt4
|
- Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
- Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
- Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
- Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn.
- Only in the masculine singular.
- Only in the masculine.
- Only in the feminine.
|
Etymology 3
Verb
2-lit.
- (intransitive, hapax) to decay
c. 1900 BCE – 1839 BCE,
Coffin Texts, version B1C (coffin of Sepi III, Cairo CG 28083) spell 755:
[2]
- wrḏ ꜥwt m ws(j)r nj wrḏ zpwj snwj nj ḥwꜣ.sn ꜣd.sn nj [3] jr mw ḏw
- The limbs in Osiris are weary, but won’t be weary, won’t be weary, they won’t putrefy or decay, won’t make foul fluid (literally, “evil water”).
Usage notes
Possibly identical to the preceding verb (‘to be(come) feeble?’ or ‘to quiver’). Faulkner identifies it this way in his publication of the Coffin Texts,[3] though he lists the two separately in his earlier dictionary.
Etymology 4
Verb
2-lit.
- (transitive, rare) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
- to smear (a pot) (+ m: with (clay))
- to smooth (a pot, etc.) (+ m: with (clay))
Usage notes
If the verb ꜣdt is in fact a variant writing of this word, as has been suggested, then the proper meaning is likely ‘to smooth’ or something similar.
See the forms given at ꜣdt as possible variants, if that verb is indeed to be taken as identical to this one.
References
- “ꜣd (lemma ID 342)”, “ꜣd.w (lemma ID 346)”, “ꜣd (lemma ID 351)”, “ꜣd (lemma ID 348)”, and “ꜣd (lemma ID 349)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
- Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 24.12–24.19, 24.24, 25.1–25.3
- Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 7
- James P Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 174, 276, 455.
- Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 242
- Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 156
- ^ de Buck, Adriaan (1954) The Egyptian Coffin Texts, volume II, page 225 b–e
- ^ de Buck, Adriaan (1956) The Egyptian Coffin Texts, volume VI, page 384 i–l
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Faulkner, Raymond (1977) The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts, volume 2, pages 288–289