First attested in the Gugyeol annotations of Cheollo Geumganggyeong (川老金剛經 / 천로금강경), 14th century, as Middle Korean 古隱亦 (Yale: kwonye).[1]
고〮녀〮 (-kwónyé)
| Middle Korean sentence enders | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form | Mood | Notes | Applied to 셔 (sye-, “to stand”) | ||||
| 다〮 (-tá) 라〮 (-lá) |
Declarative | Unmarked | 셔다〮 (Yale: syètá) | ||||
| 우〮마〮 (-wúmá) | Promissive | 셔우〮마〮 (Yale: syèwúmá) | |||||
| ㄴ (-n) | 다〮 (-tá) | Interrogative | Realis | Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject | 션다〮 (Yale: syèntá) | ||
| 가〮 (-ka) | Polar question, non-2P subject | 션가〮 (Yale: syènká) | |||||
| 고〮 (-kwo) | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | 션고〮 (Yale: syènkwó) | |||||
| ㅭ (-lq) | 다〮 (-tá) | Irrealis | Obligatory for 2P subject | 셜따〮 (Yale: syèlttá) | |||
| 가〮 (-ká) | Polar question, non-2P subject | 셜까〮 (Yale: syèlkká) | |||||
| 고〮 (-kwó) | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | 셜꼬〮 (Yale: syèlkkwó) | |||||
| 니〮 (-ní-) | 아〮 (-Gá) | Realis | Non-honorific | Polar question | 셔니〮아〮 (Yale: syèníGá), 셔녀〮 (Yale: syènyé) | ||
| 오〮 (-Gwó) | Non-polar question | 셔니〮오〮 (Yale: syèníGwó), 셔뇨〮 (Yale: syènywó) | |||||
| ㅅ (-s-) | 가〮 (-ká) | Deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔닛〮가〮 (Yale: syèníská) | |||
| ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-) | Highly deferential | 셔니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèníngìská) | |||||
| 리〮 (-lí-) | 아〮 (-Gá) | Irrealis | Non-honorific | Polar question | 셔리〮아〮 (Yale: syèlíGá), 셔려〮 (Yale: syèlyé) | ||
| 오〮 (-Gwó) | Non-polar question | 셔리〮오〮 (Yale: syèlíGwó), 셔료〮 (Yale: syèlywó) | |||||
| ㅅ (-s-) | 가〮 (-ká) | Deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔릿〮가〮 (Yale: syèlíská) | |||
| ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-) | Highly deferential | 셔리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèlíngìská) | |||||
| 라〮 (-lá) | Imperative | Ordering | Non-honorific | 셔라〮 (Yale: syèlá) | |||
| 아〮쎠〮 (-ássyé) 어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé) |
Deferential | 셔〮쎠〮 (Yale: syéssyé) | |||||
| 쇼〮셔〮 (-syósyé) | Highly deferential | 셔쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: syèsyósyé) | |||||
| 고〮 (-kwó-) 오〮 (-Gwó-) |
라〮 (-lá) | Requesting | Non-honorific | 셔고〮라〮 (Yale: syèkwólá) | |||
| 려〮 (-lyé) | Deferential | 셔고〮려〮 (Yale: syèkwólyé) | |||||
| ᅌᅵ (-ngì-) | 다〮 (-tá) | Highly deferential | 셔고〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèkwóngìtá) | ||||
| 져〮 (-cyé) | Propositive | Plain | 셔져〮 (Yale: syècyé) | ||||
| 사〮 (-sá-) | ᅌᅵ (-ngì-) | 다〮 (-tá) | Deferential | 셔사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèsángìtá) | |||
| ㄴ (-n) | 뎌〮 (-tyé) | Exclamatory | Self-honoring | 션뎌〮 (Yale: syèntyé) | |||
| ㅭ (-lq) | 셔〮 (-syé) | 셜쎠〮 (Yale: syèlssyé) | |||||
| 고〮나〮 (-kwóná) | Only sixteenth century | 셔고〮나〮 (Yale: syèkwóná) | |||||
| Based on 나찬연 2020, 중세 국어의 이해; Lee and Ramsey 2011, History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive. | |||||||