-오

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See also: and -오-

Korean

Etymology

See the main entry.

Pronunciation

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?o
Revised Romanization (translit.)?o
McCune–Reischauer?o
Yale Romanization?o

Suffix

(-o)

  1. Post-vowel and post- (l) allomorphic form of (-so, semi-formal style sentence-final suffix).

Usage notes

Middle Korean

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Harmonic pair
Yin-form (-wu)
Yang-form (-wo)

Suffix

(-wo)

  1. Yang-vowel form of (-wu, adverb-deriving suffix)

Etymology 2

Lenition in voiced environments. See Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions for more.

Pronunciation

Suffix

오〮 (-Gwó)

  1. Lenited allomorphic form of 고〮 (-kwó, verbal connective suffix) (in certain voiced environments)
Usage notes
  • This allomorph only occurs after coda liquid /-l/, a falling diphthong, the copula (i-), or the passivizing auxiliary (ti-). The velar stop is preserved before all other vowels.[1]

Etymology 3

Lenition in voiced environments. See Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions for more.

Pronunciation

Particle

오〮 (-(G)wó)

  1. Lenited allomorphic form of 고〮 (-kwo, non-polar interrogative marker) (in certain voiced environments)
Usage notes
  • This allomorph is obligatory after /-j/, /-i/, or /-l/ (note that the irrealis suffix /-lQ/ is excluded here). It sometimes appears before other vowels as well.[1]
  • It was sometimes pronounced as /-ɣo/ and sometimes as /-o/, as can be perceived from orthographic variation between e.g. ᄒᆞ리〮오〮 (hò-lí-Gwó) and ᄒᆞ료〮 (hò-ly-wó).
See also
Middle Korean sentence enders
Form Mood Notes Applied to (sye-, to stand)
다〮 (-tá)
라〮 (-lá)
Declarative Unmarked 셔다〮 (Yale: syètá)
우〮마〮 (-wúmá) Promissive 셔우〮마〮 (Yale: syèwúmá)
(-n) 다〮 (-tá) Interrogative Realis Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject 션다〮 (Yale: syèntá)
가〮 (-ka) Polar question, non-2P subject 션가〮 (Yale: syènká)
고〮 (-kwo) Wh-word question, non-2P subject 션고〮 (Yale: syènkwó)
(-lq) 다〮 (-tá) Irrealis Obligatory for 2P subject 셜따〮 (Yale: syèlttá)
가〮 (-ká) Polar question, non-2P subject 셜까〮 (Yale: syèlkká)
고〮 (-kwó) Wh-word question, non-2P subject 셜꼬〮 (Yale: syèlkkwó)
니〮 (-ní-) 아〮 (-Gá) Realis Non-honorific Polar question 셔니〮아〮 (Yale: syèníGá), 셔녀〮 (Yale: syènyé)
오〮 (-Gwó) Non-polar question 셔니〮오〮 (Yale: syèníGwó), 셔뇨〮 (Yale: syènywó)
(-s-) 가〮 (-ká) Deferential No polarity distinction 셔닛〮가〮 (Yale: syèníská)
ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-) Highly deferential 셔니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèníngìská)
리〮 (-lí-) 아〮 (-Gá) Irrealis Non-honorific Polar question 셔리〮아〮 (Yale: syèlíGá), 셔려〮 (Yale: syèlyé)
오〮 (-Gwó) Non-polar question 셔리〮오〮 (Yale: syèlíGwó), 셔료〮 (Yale: syèlywó)
(-s-) 가〮 (-ká) Deferential No polarity distinction 셔릿〮가〮 (Yale: syèlíská)
ᅌᅵᆺ (-ngìs-) Highly deferential 셔리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèlíngìská)
라〮 (-lá) Imperative Ordering Non-honorific 셔라〮 (Yale: syèlá)
아〮쎠〮 (-ássyé)
어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé)
Deferential 셔〮쎠〮 (Yale: syéssyé)
쇼〮셔〮 (-syósyé) Highly deferential 셔쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: syèsyósyé)
고〮 (-kwó-)
오〮 (-Gwó-)
라〮 (-lá) Requesting Non-honorific 셔고〮라〮 (Yale: syèkwólá)
려〮 (-lyé) Deferential 셔고〮려〮 (Yale: syèkwólyé)
ᅌᅵ (-ngì-) 다〮 (-tá) Highly deferential 셔고〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèkwóngìtá)
져〮 (-cyé) Propositive Plain 셔져〮 (Yale: syècyé)
사〮 (-sá-) ᅌᅵ (-ngì-) 다〮 (-tá) Deferential 셔사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèsángìtá)
(-n) 뎌〮 (-tyé) Exclamatory Self-honoring 션뎌〮 (Yale: syèntyé)
(-lq) 셔〮 (-syé) 셜쎠〮 (Yale: syèlssyé)
고〮나〮 (-kwóná) Only sixteenth century 셔고〮나〮 (Yale: syèkwóná)
Based on 나찬연 2020, 중세 국어의 이해; Lee and Ramsey 2011, History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Lee, Ki-Moon, Ramsey, S. Robert (2011) A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 145