Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/-mā
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *-meh₂. Other apparent appearances of this suffix elsewhere in Indo-European include:[1]
- Ancient Greek φήμη (phḗmē) and Latin fāma, both of these from *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”).
- Ancient Greek τιμή (timḗ), from *kʷey- (“to pay”).
The first verbal noun with this suffix was likely *kreddīmā (“belief”).
Suffix
*-mā f
- Forms verbal nouns to miscellaneous weak verbs with suffixed *-ī-.
Usage notes
- Causative/iterative verbs, despite also being weak verbs in *-ī-, instead generally used *-os to make verbal nouns.
- This suffix was mildly productive in Goidelic, but in Brittonic it was very productive, ousting almost every other verbal noun formation, even *-tus.
Inflection
| Feminine ā-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *-mā | *-mai | *-mās |
| vocative | *-mā | *-mai | *-mās |
| accusative | *-mam | *-mai | *-māms |
| genitive | *-mās | *-mous | *-mom |
| dative | *-māi | *-mābom | *-mābos |
| locative | *-mai | *? | *? |
| instrumental | *? | *-mābim | *-mābis |
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *-iβ̃, *-aβ̃, *-oβ̃, *-ọβ̃ (see there for further descendants)
- Old Irish: -em, -am (after a broad consonant)
References
- ^ Stüber, Karin (2015) Die Verbalabstrakta des Altirischen (in German), pages 119-120