Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gabyeti
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-. Compare the verbal noun *gabaglā.
Verb
*gabyeti[1]
Inflection
The conjugation was extensively remodeled in Insular Celtic to shed the aberrant root allomorph *gax-.
| Thematic present, s-preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *gabyū | *gabyemam | ? | *gaxsam |
| 2nd singular | *gabyesi | *gabyetās | ? | *gaxss |
| 3rd singular | *gabyeti | *gabyeto | ? | *gaxst |
| 1st plural | *gabyomosi | *gabyemo | ? | *gaxsme |
| 2nd plural | *gabyetesi | *gabyestē | ? | *gaxste |
| 3rd plural | *gabyonti | *gabyento | ? | *gaxsant |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *gaxsū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *gaxsesi | ? | *gabye | |
| 3rd singular | *gaxseti | ? | *gabyetou | |
| 1st plural | *gaxsomosi | ? | *gabyomos | |
| 2nd plural | *gaxsetesi | ? | *gabyete | |
| 3rd plural | *gaxsonti | ? | *gabyontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *gabyūr | — | ? | ? |
| 2nd singular | *gabyetar | — | ? | ? |
| 3rd singular | *gabyetor | ? | ? | ? |
| 1st plural | *gabyommor | — | ? | ? |
| 2nd plural | *gabyedwe | — | ? | ? |
| 3rd plural | *gabyontor | ? | ? | *gaxsanto |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *gaxsūr | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | *gaxsetar | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | *gaxsetor | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *gaxsommor | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | *gaxsedwe | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | *gaxsontor | — | — | |
| Declension of the past participle | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gaxtos | *gaxtou | *gaxtoi |
| vocative | *gaxte | *gaxtou | *gaxtoi |
| accusative | *gaxtom | *gaxtou | *gaxtoms |
| genitive | *gaxtī | *gaxtous | *gaxtom |
| dative | *gaxtūi | *gaxtobom | *gaxtobos |
| instrumental | *gaxtū | *gaxtobim | *gaxtobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gaxtā | *gaxtai | *gaxtās |
| vocative | *gaxtā | *gaxtai | *gaxtās |
| accusative | *gaxtam | *gaxtai | *gaxtams |
| genitive | *gaxtās | *gaxtous | *gaxtom |
| dative | *gaxtai | *gaxtābom | *gaxtābos |
| instrumental | *? | *gaxtābim | *gaxtābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *gaxtom | *gaxtou | *gaxtā |
| vocative | *gaxtom | *gaxtou | *gaxtā |
| accusative | *gaxtom | *gaxtou | *gaxtā |
| genitive | *gaxtī | *gaxtous | *gaxtom |
| dative | *gaxtūi | *gaxtobom | *gaxtobos |
| instrumental | *gaxtū | *gaxtobim | *gaxtobis |
Reconstruction notes
- This verb underwent almost total hybridization in Brittonic with another verb *kageti (from *kagʰ-); *kap- has also been suspected to have been an influence.[2]
- This hybridization caused the initial *g to be replaced by *k in this verb and all direct verbal derivatives.
- The verbal noun *gabaglā, despite also being a result of hybridization with *kagʰ-, replaced its initial consonant with *k only when it was used as a verbal noun. Root-initial *g remained in non-verbal use (and the early derivative *atigabaglā), causing this noun to split into two, e.g. in Middle Welsh caffael vs. Welsh gafael.
- The /f/ that appears in Welsh and Middle Breton is due to the spread of the subjunctive stem to other verbal forms: the subjunctive suffix *-as- > *-ah- > *-h- came into contact with Brittonic /β/ after the *a in the subjunctive suffix was syncopated, regularly devoicing the root-final consonant.
Derived terms
- *gabaglā
- *to-ɸro-ud-gabyeti
- Middle Cornish: drehevel
- Middle Welsh: dyrchafael
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: ardyrchavael
- Welsh: arddyrchafael, arddyrchafu
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: ymderchavael
- Welsh: ymdderchafael
- ⇒ Middle Welsh: ardyrchavael
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *kėβɨd (absolute), *kaβ (conjunct)
- Old Irish: gaibid
- Gaulish: gabi (2sg. imperative), Gabiae
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*gab-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 148-49
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, pages 318-324