cael

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See also: cáel and Cael

Welsh

Alternative forms

Etymology

A complex, suppletive merger of two separate Celtic verbs into one paradigm.

Pronunciation

Verb

cael (first-person singular present caf)

  1. to get, receive; to have (experience)
    cael anrheg ― to get a present
    cael brecwast ― to have breakfast, to get breakfast
    cael gair ― to have a word
  2. (chiefly future or conditional tense) to get to, be allowed to, may (with a verbal noun)
    Gawn ni weld y ffilm hwyr heno?
    Will we get to see/May we see the late film tonight?
    Cewch.
    Yes (you may).
    Gaen ni fynd allan pe tasen ni'n gorffen ein gwaith cartre?
    Might we go out/Would we be allowed to go out if we finished our homework?
    1. to be allowed to have, may have (with a noun)
      Cei di ddiod.
      You may have a drink.
      Ga i docyn i Gaerdydd?
      May I have a ticket to Cardiff?
  3. (chiefly informal, colloquial) used with a possessive determiner (agreeing with the subject) and a verbal noun to form a construction with passive meaning
    Mae’r tŷ’n cael ei godi.
    The house is being built.
    (literally, “The house is having its building.”)
    Gaeth Terry ei tharo gan bêl eira.
    Terry was hit (got hit) by a snowball.

Usage notes

In more formal Welsh, the passive voice is formed using the impersonal verb forms:

Codir y tŷ. ― The house is being built. (literally, “ builds the house.”)

Conjugation

Conjugation
Literary forms singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
present indicative/future caf cei caiff cawn cewch cânt ceir
imperfect indicative/conditional cawn cait, caet câi caem caech caent ceid
preterite cefais, ces cefaist, cest cafodd, cas,
cafas (obsolete),
cadd (poetic) 		cawsom cawsoch cawsant cafwyd, caed, cad
pluperfect cawswn cawsit cawsai cawsem cawsech cawsent cawsid
present subjunctive caffwyf ceffych caffo caffom caffoch caffont caffer
imperfect subjunctive caffwn, cawn caffit, cait caffai, câi caffem, caem caffech, caech caffent, caent ceffid
imperative — — caffed, caed — — caffent, caent caffer, caer
verbal noun cael, caffael, caffel
verbal adjectives caffaeledig
caffaeladwy


Inflected colloquial forms singular plural
first second third first second third
preterite ces i, cetho i cest ti caeth o/e/hi
cafodd o/e/hi
cas e/hi 		caethon ni
cafon ni
cawson ni
ceson ni 		caethoch chi
cafoch chi
cawsoch chi
cesoch chi 		caethon nhw
cafon nhw
cawson nhw
ceson nhw
future caf i, ca i cei di ceith o/e/hi
caiff e/hi 		cawn ni
cewn ni 		cewch chi cân nhw, cewn nhw
conditional cawn i
celwn i
celen i 		caet ti
celet ti 		câi fo/fe/hi
celai fe/hi 		caen ni
celen ni 		caech chi
celech chi 		caen nhw
celen nhw
imperative — — — — — —
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Derived terms

Mutation

Mutated forms of cael
radical soft nasal aspirate
cael gael nghael chael

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “cael”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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