Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwahaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From pre-Germanic *twók-e-ti, of unclear further origin; possibly related to Old Prussian twaxtan (“brushwood for bathing”), presuming a root Proto-Indo-European *twek-.^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθwɑ.xɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þwahaną^[1]^[3]^[4]

to wash, bathe

Inflection

Conjugation of *þwahaną (strong class 6)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*þwahō	*þwahaų	—	*þwahai	?
2nd singular	*þwahizi	*þwahaiz	*þwah	*þwahazai	*þwahaizau
3rd singular	*þwahidi	*þwahai	*þwahadau	*þwahadai	*þwahaidau
1st dual	*þwahōz	*þwahaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þwahadiz	*þwahaidiz	*þwahadiz	—	—
1st plural	*þwahamaz	*þwahaim	—	*þwahandai	*þwahaindau
2nd plural	*þwahid	*þwahaid	*þwahid	*þwahandai	*þwahaindau
3rd plural	*þwahandi	*þwahain	*þwahandau	*þwahandai	*þwahaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þwōh	*þwōgį̄
2nd singular	*þwōht	*þwōgīz
3rd singular	*þwōh	*þwōgī
1st dual	*þwōgū	*þwōgīw
2nd dual	*þwōgudiz	*þwōgīdiz
1st plural	*þwōgum	*þwōgīm
2nd plural	*þwōgud	*þwōgīd
3rd plural	*þwōgun	*þwōgīn

	present	past
participles	*þwahandz	*þwaganaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þwahan
- Old English: þwēan
  - Middle English: thwēn; athwean
- Old Frisian: *thwā, *thwān
  - North Frisian: tau, taui, tüünj
- Old Saxon: thwahan
  - Middle Low German: dwân, dwāgen, twagen
- Old Dutch: thwān
  - Middle Dutch: dwâen
    - Dutch: dwaan
- Old High German: dwahan
  - Middle High German: dwahen, dwān, twahen, twān, zwahen, zwehen
    - German: zwagen
Old Norse: þvá
- Icelandic: þvo
- Faroese: tváa
- Norwegian: två
- Old Swedish: þvā
  - Swedish: två, tvaga (from past participle)
- Old Danish: þwā, thwo, tho
  - Danish: to
Gothic: 𐌸𐍅𐌰𐌷𐌰𐌽 (þwahan)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*þwahan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þwaxanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 431
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þwaxanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 431
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “ÞWAH-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 525

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*þwahan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 555

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þwaxanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 431

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*þwaxanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 431

[4] Seebold, Elmar (1970) “ÞWAH-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 525

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