Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/akaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃/

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti, from *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin agō (“drive”), Ancient Greek ἄγω (ágō, “direct, drive, lead, draw, go”), Sanskrit अजति (ájati, “he drives”).

*akaną

1. (North Germanic) to drive, sail, navigate

• *ēkaną

• Old Norse: aka
  • Icelandic: aka
  • Faroese: aka
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: aka, ake
    • Norwegian Bokmål: ake, åke
  • Dalian: aka
    • Elfdalian: åka
  • Old Swedish: aka
    • Swedish: åka
  • Scanian: aga
  • Old Danish: akæ
    • Danish: age
  • Gutnish: ake
  • → Scots: oag, hoag; aik
  • → English: aik (Northern England, Scotland, rare)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eg- (“sin, crime”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγος (ágos, “curse, blood-guilt, penance”), Sanskrit आगस् (ā́gas, “offence, injury, sin, fault”). According to Orel, "espite the semantic discrepancy, these forms are historically identical", referring to the verb for the 'drive' described above and referencing Seebold, p.74-5. Indeed, Kroonen prefers to reconstruct the proto-form as *h₂eǵ- and adduces as cognates, in contrast to the above, Sanskrit आजि (ājí, “race, competition, fight”), Avestan 𐬁𐬰𐬌 (āzi, “greed, desire”), Persian آز (âz, “greed”).

*akaną

1. (West Germanic) to ache

• *akiz
• *aklaz

• Proto-West Germanic: *akan
  • Old English: acan
    • Middle English: aken, ake, eken
      • English: ache
      • Scots: yawk
      • Yola: aake
  • Old Frisian: *aka
    • Saterland Frisian: ääke, eeke
  • Old Saxon: *akan
    • Middle Low German: aken
      • Low German: aken, äken, achen
  • Old Dutch: *akan
    • ⇒ Middle Dutch: ākel
      • ⇒ Dutch: akelig