Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grabaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰróbʰ-, o-grade form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ- (“to dig, scratch, bury”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣrɑ.βɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*grabaną

to dig
to engrave, scratch

Inflection

Conjugation of *grabaną (strong class 6)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*grabō	*grabaų	—	*grabai	?
2nd singular	*grabizi	*grabaiz	*grab	*grabazai	*grabaizau
3rd singular	*grabidi	*grabai	*grabadau	*grabadai	*grabaidau
1st dual	*grabōz	*grabaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*grabadiz	*grabaidiz	*grabadiz	—	—
1st plural	*grabamaz	*grabaim	—	*grabandai	*grabaindau
2nd plural	*grabid	*grabaid	*grabid	*grabandai	*grabaindau
3rd plural	*grabandi	*grabain	*grabandau	*grabandai	*grabaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*grōb	*grōbį̄
2nd singular	*grōft	*grōbīz
3rd singular	*grōb	*grōbī
1st dual	*grōbū	*grōbīw
2nd dual	*grōbudiz	*grōbīdiz
1st plural	*grōbum	*grōbīm
2nd plural	*grōbud	*grōbīd
3rd plural	*grōbun	*grōbīn

	present	past
participles	*grabandz	*grabanaz

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *graban
- Old English: grafan
  - Middle English: graven, grafe, grave, gravyn
    - English: grave (obsolete)
      - ⇒ English: engrave
    - Scots: grave
- Old Frisian: greva
  - Saterland Frisian: greeuwe
- Old Saxon: gravan
  - Middle Low German: graven, grāven
    - German Low German: graven
    - → West Frisian: grave
- Old Dutch: gravan
  - Middle Dutch: grāven
    - Dutch: graven
      - Afrikaans: graaf
      - Jersey Dutch: xrâve
      - Negerhollands: graav, graev
    - Limburgish: grave
- Old High German: graban
  - Middle High German: graben
    - German: graben
    - Luxembourgish: gruewen
    - Yiddish: גראָבן (grobn)
- → Vulgar Latin: *grabō (“to engrave”) (see there for further descendants)
Old Norse: grafa
- Icelandic: grafa
- Faroese: grava
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: grave
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: grave, grava
- Elfdalian: gråvå
- Old Swedish: grava, græva
  - Swedish: grava, gräva; grafva, gräfva (pre-1906 spelling)
- Danish: grave
Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (graban)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*graban-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 185
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒrabanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 139
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “GRAB-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 235

[Kroonen-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*graban-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 185

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒrabanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 139

[3] Seebold, Elmar (1970) “GRAB-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 235