Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/grimmaną

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 This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *gʰrémne- or *gʰrénme-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrem- (“to be angry”), likely from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to make a noise, rattle, growl, murmur”).

Pronunciation

Verb

*grimmaną[1][2]

  1. to rage, roar, be angry

Inflection

Conjugation of *grimmaną (strong class 3)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *grimmō *grimmaų — *grimmai ?
2nd singular *grimmizi *grimmaiz *grimm *grimmazai *grimmaizau
3rd singular *grimmidi *grimmai *grimmadau *grimmadai *grimmaidau
1st dual *grimmōz *grimmaiw — — —
2nd dual *grimmadiz *grimmaidiz *grimmadiz — —
1st plural *grimmamaz *grimmaim — *grimmandai *grimmaindau
2nd plural *grimmid *grimmaid *grimmid *grimmandai *grimmaindau
3rd plural *grimmandi *grimmain *grimmandau *grimmandai *grimmaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *gramm *grummį̄
2nd singular *grammt *grummīz
3rd singular *gramm *grummī
1st dual *grummū *grummīw
2nd dual *grummudiz *grummīdiz
1st plural *grummum *grummīm
2nd plural *grummud *grummīd
3rd plural *grummun *grummīn
present past
participles *grimmandz *grummanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *grimman
    • Old English: grimman
    • Old Saxon: grimman
    • Old Dutch: *grimman
    • Old High German: *grimman
  • Old Norse: grimma (Only attested in the passive grimmask)

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grimman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
  2. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ʒremmjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 141
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