Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrem-

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 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    An old sound symbolic root according to Kroonen.[1]

    Root

    *gʰrem-[2][3][4][5]

    1. to roar, rumble
      Synonyms: *bʰrem-, *dʰwen-
    2. to thunder
      Synonym: *(s)tenh₂-
    3. to be angry

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰrem- (9 c, 0 e)
    • *gʰé-gʰrom-ti ~ *gʰé-gʰr̥m-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)[3]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: gramė́ti (“to fall with a rumble”)
    • *gʰrém-ye-ti (ye-present)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámyati
        • Proto-Iranian: *grámyati
          • Sogdian:
            Syriac script: (ɣryntq /⁠ɣrintē⁠/, “to roar”, 3sg.dur.)
          • Middle Persian:
    • *gʰrom-éye-ti (eye-causative)[7]
      • >? Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to anger”) (or denominative from *gramaz[3]) (see there for further descendants)
    • *gʰr̥-né-m-ti ~ *gʰr̥-n-m-énti (nasal-infix)
      • Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to roar”) (< metathesized *gʰr-én-m-ti[1]) (see there for further descendants)
    • *gʰr̥m-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)[3][8]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grimēˀtei[8] (with present stem from *gʰr̥m-h₁yé-ti ?[3])
        • Proto-Slavic: *grьměti (“to thunder, to roar”) (see there for further descendants)
        • Lithuanian: grumė́ti
    • *gʰrem-no-s[9][6]
      • Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“grim, grimly, fierce”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *gʰr̥m-eh₂[10]
      • Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē, “joy of battle”)
    Unsorted formations

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*grimman-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190: “*ghrém-n-e- or *ghr-én-m-e-”
    2. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. ghrem-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 458-459
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰrem-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 204
    4. ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 153: “PIE *ghrem- ‘growl, make a menacing noise’”
    5. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gram”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χρεμετίζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1647
    7. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*gramjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186: “*ghrom-éie-”
    8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “*grumėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 190-191: “BSL *grimeʔ-; PIE *ghrm-eh₁-”
    9. ^ Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “grim”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144: “*gʰremno-”
    10. ^ van Beek, Lucien (2022) The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 22)‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 432: “PIE *gʰr̥m-eh₂‑”
    11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Gharib, B. (1995) “Proto-Indo-European/gʰrem-”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 166
    13. ^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 3, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 285
    14. ^ Gharib, B. (1995) “696”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 27
    15. ^ Gharib, B. (1995) “694”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 27
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