Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrem-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

An old sound symbolic root according to Kroonen.

Root

*gʰrem-

to roar, rumble
Synonyms: *bʰrem-, *dʰwen-, *h₃rewH-
to thunder
Synonym: *(s)tenh₂-
to be angry

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰrem- (9 c, 0 e)

*gʰrém-e-ti (thematic present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰrémō
  - Ancient Greek: *χρέμω (*khrémō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: χρεμετίζω (khremetízō, “to neigh, whinny”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámati
  - Proto-Iranian: *grámati
    - Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬄𐬨 (graməṇtąm, “to anger”, gen.pl.ptc.pres.)

*gʰé-gʰrom-ti ~ *gʰé-gʰr̥m-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: gramė́ti (“to fall with a rumble”)

*gʰrém-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰrámyati
  - Proto-Iranian: *grámyati
    - Sogdian:
      Syriac script: (ɣryntq /⁠ɣrintē⁠/, “to roar”, 3sg.dur.)
    - Middle Persian:
      - Persian: غرمیدن (ġarmidan, “to thunder, roar, fly in a passion”)
      - Tajik: ғармидан (ġarmidan)

*gʰrom-éye-ti (eye-causative)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *gramjaną (“to anger”) (or denominative from *gramaz) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥-né-m-ti ~ *gʰr̥-n-m-énti (nasal-infix)
- Proto-Germanic: *grimmaną (“to roar”) (< metathesized *gʰr-én-m-ti) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰr̥m-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grimēˀtei (with present stem from *gʰr̥m-h₁yé-ti ?)
  - Proto-Slavic: *grьměti (“to thunder, to roar”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Lithuanian: grumė́ti

*gʰrem-no-s
- Proto-Germanic: *grimmaz (“grim, grimly, fierce”) (see there for further descendants)

*gʰróm-o-s

*gʰrm̥-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬀𐬧𐬙𐬀 (graṇta) (with full grade)

*gʰr̥m-eh₂
- Ancient Greek: χάρμη (khármē, “joy of battle”)

Unsorted formations

Sogdian:
Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑𐼎𐼀𐼊 (ɣrʾnsnʾy /⁠ɣrānsnē⁠/, “annoyed, angry, irritable”, pres.ptc.) (with inchoative suffix *-sa-)
Sogdian:
Old Sogdian script: 𐼄𐼘𐼀𐼎𐼑 (ɣrʾns /⁠ɣrāns⁠/, “to get angry”, 3sg.impf.)
Sogdian:
Sogdian script: 𐼰𐼲𐽀𐼰𐼻𐽂𐼰𐼻𐽂 (ʾɣrʾntʾnt /⁠əɣrándənd⁠/, 3pl.pret.ind.)
Sogdian:
Manichaean script: 𐫃̌𐫡𐫀𐫗𐫅𐫙 (ǧrʾndʿ /⁠ɣrāndē⁠/, “irritated”, ppp) (from *grantakah ?)
Sogdian:
Syriac script: (ʾɣrʾm- /⁠aɣrām⁠/, “to slander”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grimman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190: “*ghrém-n-e- or *ghr-én-m-e-”
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. ghrem-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 458-459
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰrem-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 204
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 153: “PIE *ghrem- ‘growl, make a menacing noise’”
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gram”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χρεμετίζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1647
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gramjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186: “*ghrom-éie-”
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “*grumėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 190-191: “BSL *grimeʔ-; PIE *ghrm-eh₁-”
^ Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “grim”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144: “*gʰremno-”
^ van Beek, Lucien (2022) The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 22)‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 432: “PIE *gʰr̥m-eh₂‑”
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Gharib, B. (1995) “Proto-Indo-European/gʰrem-”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 166
^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov (in Russian), volume 3, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 285
^ Gharib, B. (1995) “696”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 27
^ Gharib, B. (1995) “694”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 27

[grimman-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grimman-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190: “*ghrém-n-e- or *ghr-én-m-e-”

[IEW-2] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. ghrem-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 458-459

[LIV-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 ^3.5 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰrem-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 204

[4] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 153: “PIE *ghrem- ‘growl, make a menacing noise’”

[5] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gram”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122

[EDG-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χρεμετίζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1647

[7] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gramjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186: “*ghrom-éie-”

[EDBIL-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “*grumėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 190-191: “BSL *grimeʔ-; PIE *ghrm-eh₁-”

[9] Boutkan, Dirk, Siebinga, Sjoerd (2005) “grim”, in Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 1), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 144: “*gʰremno-”

[10] van Beek, Lucien (2022) The Reflexes of Syllabic Liquids in Ancient Greek (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 22)‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 432: “PIE *gʰr̥m-eh₂‑”

[Cheung-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122

[Gharib_166-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Gharib, B. (1995) “Proto-Indo-European/gʰrem-”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 166

[13] Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov (in Russian), volume 3, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 285

[14] Gharib, B. (1995) “696”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 27

[15] Gharib, B. (1995) “694”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 27

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrem-

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Root

Derived terms

References

Wikious

Boobota

Sagapedia