Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlaupaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *klewb- (“to spring; to hop”). Compare Lithuanian klùpti, Latvian klupt (“to stumble”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxlɑu̯.pɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hlaupaną

to jump forward, to leap

Inflection

Conjugation of *hlaupaną (strong class 7b)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hlaupō	*hlaupaų	—	*hlaupai	?
2nd singular	*hlaupizi	*hlaupaiz	*hlaup	*hlaupazai	*hlaupaizau
3rd singular	*hlaupidi	*hlaupai	*hlaupadau	*hlaupadai	*hlaupaidau
1st dual	*hlaupōz	*hlaupaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hlaupadiz	*hlaupaidiz	*hlaupadiz	—	—
1st plural	*hlaupamaz	*hlaupaim	—	*hlaupandai	*hlaupaindau
2nd plural	*hlaupid	*hlaupaid	*hlaupid	*hlaupandai	*hlaupaindau
3rd plural	*hlaupandi	*hlaupain	*hlaupandau	*hlaupandai	*hlaupaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hehlaup	*hehlaupį̄
2nd singular	*hehlauft	*hehlaupīz
3rd singular	*hehlaup	*hehlaupī
1st dual	*hehlaupū	*hehlaupīw
2nd dual	*hehlaupudiz	*hehlaupīdiz
1st plural	*hehlaupum	*hehlaupīm
2nd plural	*hehlaupud	*hehlaupīd
3rd plural	*hehlaupun	*hehlaupīn

	present	past
participles	*hlaupandz	*hlaupanaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaupan
- Old English: hlēapan
  - Middle English: lepen, leapen, leopen, leppen, luppen
    - English: leap
    - Scots: lepe, leip, leap
- Old Frisian: hlāpa
  - Saterland Frisian: loope
  - West Frisian: ljeppe
- Old Saxon: hlōpan
  - Middle Low German: lôpen
    - Low German: lopen
- Old Dutch: lōpan
  - Middle Dutch: lôpen
    - Dutch: lopen, loopen (obsolete)
      - Afrikaans: loop
      - Negerhollands: loop, loo, lo, lu
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: lop, louphe, luffi, loup
    - Limburgish: loupe
  - → Central Franconian: loope
- Old High German: hloufan, loufan
  - Middle High German: loufen
    - Alemannic German: laufe, lauffe, loufe
      Swabian: laufe
      Vorarlbergisch: loufa
    - Bavarian: laffa
      Cimbrian: loavan, lóofan (Sette Comuni)
      Mòcheno:
    - Central Franconian: loofe, laafe
      Hunsrik: laafe
      Kölsch: laufe, loufe
      Luxembourgish: lafen
    - East Central German:
      Erzgebirgisch: laafn
      Upper Saxon German: loofen
      Vilamovian: łaojfa
    - East Franconian:
    - German: laufen
    - Rhine Franconian:
      Pennsylvania German: laafe
    - Yiddish: לויפֿן (loyfn)
- →⇒ Old French: gualoper, galoper (see there for further descendants)
Old Norse: hlaupa
- Icelandic: hlaupa
- Faroese: leypa
- Norn: lopa
- Norwegian Nynorsk: laupa
- Elfdalian: lopa
- Old Swedish: lø̄pa
  - Swedish: löpa
    - → Elfdalian: löpa
- Old Danish: løpæ
  - Danish: løbe
    - Norwegian Bokmål: løpe
      - → Norwegian Nynorsk: løpa
  - Scanian: lǿba
- Old Gutnish: laupa
  - Gutnish: laupe
- → Middle English: lopen, loupen, laupen
  - English: lope
  - Scots: lowp, loup
  - Yola: laupe
⇒ Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (ushlaupan)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hlaupan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 229

[Kroonen-1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hlaupan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 229

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