Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kakǭ

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Unknown. The relationship with Lithuanian gúogas (“skull”) by supposed Proto-Indo-European *gag-, *gōg- (“something round, something lumpy”) is highly doubtful.^[1]^[2] Compare *kōkô (“cake”).^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑ.kɔ̃ː/

Noun

*kakǭ f

cake

Alternative reconstructions

*kakkaz (as the original genitive singular of *kōkô)^[1]

Inflection

ōn-stemDeclension of *kakǭ (ōn-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*kakǭ	*kakōniz
vocative	*kakǭ	*kakōniz
accusative	*kakōnų	*kakōnunz
genitive	*kakōniz	*kakōnǫ̂
dative	*kakōni	*kakōmaz
instrumental	*kakōnē	*kakōmiz

Derived terms

*kakilaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kakā
- Old English: ceace; *cieċil, cyċel, ciċel (< *kakilaz)
  - Middle English: kichel
- Old Saxon: *kaka, *koka
  - Middle Low German: koke
    - Low German: koke
- Old Dutch: coca
  - → Catalan: coca
    - → English: coca
Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚨᚲᛟ (*kakō)
- Old Norse: kaka
  - Icelandic: kaka
  - Faroese: køka, kaka
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: kake
  - Old Swedish: kaka
    - Swedish: kaka
  - Old Danish: kakæ
    - Danish: kage
      - → Greenlandic: kaagi
      - Norwegian Bokmål: kake
  - Scanian: kâga
  - Gutnish: kake
  - → Middle English: cake, kake, caake, cayk
    - English: cake (see there for further descendants)
    - Geordie English: kyek
    - Scots: cake
    - Yola: caake, kaake
  - → Irish: cáca
- → Proto-Finnic: *kakku (or from earlier Proto-Germanic)
  - Estonian: kakk
  - Finnish: kakku, kaakku, kakko (dialectal)
  - Livonian: kak
  - Votic: kakku, kakko

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2011) The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology, Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 306-7
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “gag-, gōg-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 349
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kōkan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 299: “*kakōn-”

[Kroonen_2011-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2011) The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology, Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 306-7

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “gag-, gōg-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 349

[3] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kōkan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 299: “*kakōn-”

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