Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krafjaną

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 This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

Etymology

Related to *kraftuz (“force, strength”), of unknown origin.[1] Possibly related to Umbrian Grabovio, *Grabo-, an Italic god of rocks and oak trees described in the Iguvine Tablets (see Ancient Greek γράβιον (grábion, “torch, brand”)).[3][4][5] Pokorny suggests a connection to Albanian kërrabë and Proto-West Germanic *krappō (“hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *grep- (“a hook, force”), extended form of *ger- (“to turn, wind”).[6]

Verb

*krafjaną[7][2]

  1. to demand

Inflection

Conjugation of *krafjaną (weak class 1)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *krafjō *krafjaų — *krafjai ?
2nd singular *krafisi *krafjais *krafi *krafjasai *krafjaisau
3rd singular *krafiþi *krafjai *krafjaþau *krafjaþai *krafjaiþau
1st dual *krafjōs *krafjaiw — — —
2nd dual *krafjaþiz *krafjaiþiz *krafjaþiz — —
1st plural *krafjamaz *krafjaim — *krafjanþai *krafjainþau
2nd plural *krafiþ *krafjaiþ *krafiþ *krafjanþai *krafjainþau
3rd plural *krafjanþi *krafjain *krafjanþau *krafjanþai *krafjainþau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *krafidǭ *krafidēdį̄
2nd singular *krafidēz *krafidēdīz
3rd singular *krafidē *krafidēdī
1st dual *krafidēdū *krafidēdīw
2nd dual *krafidēdudiz *krafidēdīdiz
1st plural *krafidēdum *krafidēdīm
2nd plural *krafidēdud *krafidēdīd
3rd plural *krafidēdun *krafidēdīn
present past
participles *krafjandz *krafidaz

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*krabēn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 300
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hellquist, Elof (1922) “2. kräva”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary]‎ (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, page 363
  3. ^ Dumezil (1954): Revue de Philologie 38.233
  4. ^ Ancient Indo-European Dialects: Proceedings of the Conference on Indo-European Linguistics Held at the University of California, Los Angeles, April 25-27, 1963. (1966). United Kingdom: University of California Press, p. 61-62
  5. ^ Roman and European Mythologies. (1992). United Kingdom: University of Chicago Press, p. 32
  6. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “385-390”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 385-390
  7. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*krafjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 220
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