Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leubaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰós (“beloved”), from *lewbʰ- (“to desire, love”). Given the existence of a cognate in Proto-Slavic *ľubъ, this adjective is one of the oldest of the e-grade *-az adjectives.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈleu̯.βɑz/

Adjective

*leubaz

dear, beloved

Inflection

Declension of *leubaz (a-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*leubaz	*leubō	*leubą, -atō	*leubai	*leubôz	*leubō
accusative	*leubanǭ	*leubǭ	*leubą, -atō	*leubanz	*leubōz	*leubō
genitive	*leubas, -is	*leubaizōz	*leubas, -is	*leubaizǫ̂	*leubaizǫ̂	*leubaizǫ̂
dative	*leubammai	*leubaizōi	*leubammai	*leubaimaz	*leubaimaz	*leubaimaz
instrumental	*leubanō	*leubaizō	*leubanō	*leubaimiz	*leubaimiz	*leubaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*leubô	*leubǭ	*leubô	*leubaniz	*leubōniz	*leubōnō
accusative	*leubanų	*leubōnų	*leubô	*leubanunz	*leubōnunz	*leubōnō
genitive	*leubiniz	*leubōniz	*leubiniz	*leubanǫ̂	*leubōnǫ̂	*leubanǫ̂
dative	*leubini	*leubōni	*leubini	*leubammaz	*leubōmaz	*leubammaz
instrumental	*leubinē	*leubōnē	*leubinē	*leubammiz	*leubōmiz	*leubammiz

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *leub
- Old English: lēof, leaf, līof
  - Middle English: lef, leve, lefe, leffe, life, live, luf (Southern or West Midlands)
    - English: lief; ⇒ livelong
    - Scots: lief, lee
    - ⇒ Yola: liveer
- Old Frisian: liāf, liēf
  - Saterland Frisian: ljoof, ljo
  - West Frisian: leaf
- Old Saxon: liof
  - Middle Low German: lief, lêf
    - Low German: lief
      - German Low German: leev, liev
    - Plautdietsch: leef
- Old Dutch: lief
  - Middle Dutch: lief
    - Dutch: lief
    - Limburgish: leef
- Old High German: liob, liub, liup; *liof, lief (northern)
  - Middle High German: liep; lief (north-western)
    - Alemannic German: lieb
    - Bavarian: liab
    - Central Franconian: leev, liev
    - East Central German: lieb
    - German: lieb
    - Luxembourgish: léif
    - Yiddish: ליב (lib)
Proto-Norse: ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (leubaʀ)
- Old Norse: ljúfr
  - Icelandic: ljúfur
  - Faroese: ljúvur
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: ljuv
  - Old Swedish: liūver, liufwer
    - Swedish: ljuv, ljuf (pre-1906 spelling)
  - Old Danish: ljuv
Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (liufs)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*leuba-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 332

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*leuba-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 332