Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/munþaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *mn̥-tó-s (“mouth, jaw”), from *men- (“chin”) +‎ *-tós. Cognate with Latin mentum (“chin”), Welsh mant (“mandible, gums”), Hittite 𒈨𒂊𒉌𒄿 (me-e-ni-i /⁠mēni⁠/, “face, cheek”). More speculatively, possibly related to Proto-Indo-European *stemn- (“mouth, muzzle”), whence *stamnijō (“voice, sound”) (compare Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma)), via earlier *stment-, in which case resemblance to the suffix *-mn̥ would be accidental. Compare also Ancient Greek μάσαομαι (másaomai, “to chew, bite”), Latin mandō (“to chew”), though some details are disputed.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈmun.θɑz/

Noun

*munþaz m

mouth

Inflection

Declension of *munþaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*munþaz	munþōz, munþōs
vocative	*munþ	munþōz, munþōs
accusative	*munþą	*munþanz
genitive	munþas, munþis	*munþǫ̂
dative	*munþai	*munþamaz
instrumental	*munþō	*munþamiz

Synonyms

*ōsaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *munþ
- Old English: mūþ
  - Middle English: mouth, moueþ, mouthe, mouþ, mouþe, muð, muth, muþ (Early Middle English)
    - English: mouth
    - Scots: mooth
    - Yola: meouth, moweth, mouth
- Old Frisian: mūth; mund, mond (forms with n likely from Low German)
  - North Frisian: Mür, müs, mös, müd
  - West Frisian: mûn
  - Saterland Frisian: *Mund (in derivatives, e.g. mundpaas, mundelk)
  - →⇒ Middle Dutch: mûde, mûye f (“mouth (of a river)”)
    - Dutch: muide, mui
- Old Saxon: mūth, mund
  - Middle Low German: munt, mont
    - Low German: Mund
      - German Low German: Mund
      - → Scots: mund, mun
- Old Dutch: munt, mūth
  - Middle Dutch: mont
    - Dutch: mond, (obsolete) mondt, mont
      - Afrikaans: mond
      - Javindo: mon
      - Negerhollands: mond, mon, mun, mont
        → Virgin Islands Creole: mon, mout (dated)
      - Petjo: mon
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: mont
    - Limburgish: móndj
- Old High German: mund
  - Middle High German: munt
    - German: Mund
    - Luxembourgish: Mond
Old Norse: muðr, munnr
- Icelandic: munnur
- Faroese: munnur, muður
- Norn: moinnj
- Norwegian: munn
- Old Swedish: munder
  - Swedish: mun
- Old Danish: mun
  - Danish: mund
- Elfdalian: muð (acc. munn)
- Gutnish: mun
- → English: mun (obsolete)
Gothic: 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (munþs)

References

^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “?*men- ‘chin’”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 577: “MWels mant ‘mouth, jaw’, Lat. mentum ‘chin’ (Italo-Celtic < *mn̥-to-), Hit mēni- ‘chin’.”
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*munþa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 376-7

[1] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “?*men- ‘chin’”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 577: “MWels mant ‘mouth, jaw’, Lat. mentum ‘chin’ (Italo-Celtic < *mn̥-to-), Hit mēni- ‘chin’.”

[EDPG-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*munþa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 376-7