Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skuldiz

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 This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *skéltis, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obliged, be beholden to, owe, be guilty”), equivalent to Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to be obligated, owe”) +‎ *-þiz. Cognate with Lithuanian kaltė̃ (“guilt”).

Noun

*skuldiz f

  1. obligation
  2. debt
  3. fault, blame, guilt
Inflection
Declension of *skuldiz (i-stem)
singular plural
nominative *skuldiz *skuldīz
vocative *skuldi *skuldīz
accusative *skuldį *skuldinz
genitive *skuldīz *skuldijǫ̂
dative *skuldī *skuldimaz
instrumental *skuldī *skuldimiz
Synonyms
Derived terms
Descendants

Etymology 2

Derived from *skulaną (“to owe”), and thus of the same origin as the "debt" sense of Etymology 1.

Adjective

*skuldiz

  1. bound, obliged
Inflection
Declension of *skuldiz (i-stem)
Strong declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *skuldiz *skuldī *skuldį, *-jatō *skuldijai *skuldijôz *skuldijō
accusative *skuldijanǭ *skuldijǭ *skuldį, *-jatō *skuldijanz *skuldijōz *skuldijō
genitive *skuldijas, *skuldīs *skuldijaizōz *skuldijas, *skuldīs *skuldijaizǫ̂ *skuldijaizǫ̂ *skuldijaizǫ̂
dative *skuldijammai *skuldijaizōi *skuldijammai *skuldijaimaz *skuldijaimaz *skuldijaimaz
instrumental *skuldijanō *skuldijaizō *skuldijanō *skuldijaimiz *skuldijaimiz *skuldijaimiz
Weak declension
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
nominative *skuldijô *skuldijǭ *skuldijô *skuldijaniz *skuldijōniz *skuldijōnō
accusative *skuldijanų *skuldijōnų *skuldijô *skuldijanunz *skuldijōnunz *skuldijōnō
genitive *skuldīniz *skuldijōniz *skuldīniz *skuldijanǫ̂ *skuldijōnǫ̂ *skuldijanǫ̂
dative *skuldīni *skuldijōni *skuldīni *skuldijammaz *skuldijōmaz *skuldijammaz
instrumental *skuldīnē *skuldijōnē *skuldīnē *skuldijammiz *skuldijōmiz *skuldijammiz
Descendants

References

  1. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*skuldi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 450
  2. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skulđaz ~ *skulđjaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 345
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