Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skuldiz
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-European *skéltis, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obliged, be beholden to, owe, be guilty”), equivalent to Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to be obligated, owe”) + *-þiz. Cognate with Lithuanian kaltė̃ (“guilt”).[1]
Noun
*skuldiz f
Inflection
| i-stemDeclension of *skuldiz (i-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | *skuldiz | *skuldīz | |
| vocative | *skuldi | *skuldīz | |
| accusative | *skuldį | *skuldinz | |
| genitive | *skuldīz | *skuldijǫ̂ | |
| dative | *skuldī | *skuldimaz | |
| instrumental | *skuldī | *skuldimiz | |
Synonyms
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *skuldi
- Old Norse: skuld, Skuld, skyld
Etymology 2
Derived from *skulaną (“to owe”).
Adjective
*skuldiz
Inflection
Declension of *skuldiz (i-stem)
| strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *skuldiz | *skuldijai | *skuldī | *skuldijôz | *skuldį, *-jatō | *skuldijō |
| accusative | *skuldijanǭ | *skuldijanz | *skuldijǭ | *skuldijōz | *skuldį, *-jatō | *skuldijō |
| genitive | *skuldijas, *skuldīs | *skuldijaizǫ̂ | *skuldijaizōz | *skuldijaizǫ̂ | *skuldijas, *skuldīs | *skuldijaizǫ̂ |
| dative | *skuldijammai | *skuldijaimaz | *skuldijaizōi | *skuldijaimaz | *skuldijammai | *skuldijaimaz |
| instrumental | *skuldijanō | *skuldijaimiz | *skuldijaizō | *skuldijaimiz | *skuldijanō | *skuldijaimiz |
| weak declension | ||||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *skuldijô | *skuldijaniz | *skuldijǭ | *skuldijōniz | *skuldijô | *skuldijōnō |
| accusative | *skuldijanų | *skuldijanunz | *skuldijōnų | *skuldijōnunz | *skuldijô | *skuldijōnō |
| genitive | *skuldīniz | *skuldijanǫ̂ | *skuldijōniz | *skuldijōnǫ̂ | *skuldīniz | *skuldijanǫ̂ |
| dative | *skuldīni | *skuldijammaz | *skuldijōni | *skuldijōmaz | *skuldīni | *skuldijammaz |
| instrumental | *skuldīnē | *skuldijammiz | *skuldijōnē | *skuldijōmiz | *skuldīnē | *skuldijammiz |
Descendants
References
- ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*skuldi-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 450