Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skulaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

From Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”).^[1]

• IPA^(key): /ˈsku.lɑ.nɑ̃/

*skulaną

1. (transitive) to owe
2. (auxiliary) to be obliged to, have to
3. (auxiliary) shall, will, to be going to, must

• *skuldaz
• *skuldiz
• *skulô

• Proto-West Germanic: *skulan
  • Old English: sċulan, sċeolan
    • Middle English: schulen
      • English: shall, should
      • Scots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)
      • Yola: shell, shall, shul
  • Old Frisian: skela, skila
    • Saterland Frisian: skälle
    • West Frisian: sille
  • Old Saxon: skulan
    • Middle Low German: schȫlen, schöllen, schullen, sȫlen, scölen
      • Low German: schölen, sölen, schüllen, schöllen

        German Low German: schölen, sölen, sallen

  • Old Dutch: sulan
    • Middle Dutch: sullen
      • Dutch: zullen
        • Afrikaans: sal
        • Jersey Dutch: zal
        • Negerhollands: sa, sal
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: sa
      • Limburgish: zölle, zólle
  • Old High German: skulan, sulan, scolan
    • Middle High German: süln, suln, scholen, schulen, sollen, saln, soln
      • Alemannic German: solle
      • Bavarian: soin, solln
      • Central Franconian: solle
        • Hunsrik: solle
        • Luxembourgish: sollen
      • German: sollen
      • Rhine Franconian:

        Pennsylvania German: solle

      • Yiddish: זאָלן (zoln)
• Old Norse: skulu, skolu
  • Icelandic: skulu
  • Faroese: skula
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: skulla, skulle
  • Old Swedish: skula, skola, skulu
    • Swedish: skola
  • Danish: skulle
    • Norwegian Bokmål: skulle
• Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (skulan)