skulu

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Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse skulu, skolu, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną.

Pronunciation

Verb

skulu (first person singular present indicative skal, first person plural past subjunctive skyldi)

  1. shall, must
    • Luke 6:29 (English, Icelandic)
      Slái þig einhver á kinnina, skaltu og bjóða hina, og taki einhver yfirhöfn þína, skaltu ekki varna honum að taka kyrtilinn líka.
      If someone strikes you on one cheek, turn to him the other also. If someone takes your cloak, do not stop him from taking your tunic.
    • Einar Benediktsson
      Aðgát skal höfð í nærveru sálar.
      Exercise caution in the presence of a soul.
    Þú skalt ekki taka bílinn minn!
    You shall not take my car!
    Þú skalt ekki morð fremja.
    Thou shalt not kill.
  2. to need
  3. (an emphatic verb) to will!
    Þú skalt sjá!
    You will see!
  4. to will
    Ég skal svara símanum.
    I'll pick up the phone.
  5. (encouragement) let us, shall
    Við skulum fara í bíó.
    Let's go to the movies.

Conjugation

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skulu — active voice (germynd)
infinitive
(nafnháttur) 		að skulu
past infinitive
(nafnháttur þátíð) 		skyldu
indicative
(framsöguháttur) 		subjunctive
(viðtengingarháttur)
present
(nútíð) 		ég skal við skulum present
(nútíð) 		ég skuli við skulum
þú skalt þið skuluð þú skulir þið skulið
hann, hún, það skal þeir, þær, þau skulu hann, hún, það skuli þeir, þær, þau skuli
past
(þátíð) 		-- -- past
(þátíð) 		ég skyldi við skyldum
-- -- þú skyldir þið skylduð
-- -- hann, hún, það skyldi þeir, þær, þau skyldu
Note that the indicative past forms do not exist and that this verb only exists in the active, with no past participle.

Synonyms

Derived terms

Old Norse

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *skulaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”). Cognate to Old English sculan (“to be obligated or obliged to, shall, must, owe, ought to”) (English shall).

Verb

skulu (first person singular present indicative skal, first person plural past subjunctive skyldi)

  1. (modal, auxiliary verb) shall, must

Usage notes

  • When auxiliary to copulae, the copula may be left out.
  • Along with only two other verbs (munu and vilja), skulu has a special past tense infinitive. It is equal to the third person plural past tense skyldu. This rare form is mostly used when the verb of the main clause also is in the past tense.

Conjugation

Conjugation of skulu (preterite-present)
infinitive skulu
present participle skulandi
past participle –
indicative present past
1st-person singular skal skylda
2nd-person singular skalt skyldir
3rd-person singular skal skyldi
1st-person plural skulum skyldum
2nd-person plural skuluð skylduð
3rd-person plural skulu skyldu
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular skula, skyla skylda
2nd-person singular skulir, skylir skyldir
3rd-person singular skuli, skyli skyldi
1st-person plural skulim, skylim skyldim
2nd-person plural skulið, skylið skyldið
3rd-person plural skuli, skyli skyldi
imperative present
2nd-person singular skul
1st-person plural skulum
2nd-person plural skuluð

Descendants

References

  • “skulu”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
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