Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ubilaz
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Cognate with Proto-Celtic *uɸelos (“bad, evil”),[1] but the source is disputed.[2] Possibly either:
- From Proto-Indo-European *h₂upélos, from a root *h₂wep(h₁)- (“bad, evil”) + *-elo-, thereby cognate with Hittite 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒍣 (huwapp-i, “to mistreat, harass”), 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒉺𒀸 (huwappa-, “evil, badness”).[3] Kroonen doubts the comparison to Hittite on the grounds that the Hittite verb preserves an earlier meaning “to throw/cast away” and so the semantic development to “evil” was probably post-PIE.[2]
- From Proto-Indo-European *upélos (“evil”, literally “going over or beyond (acceptable limits)”), from *upó, *up (“down, up, over”), thus it would be equivalent to *ub (“under”) + *-ilaz. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
Adjective
*ubilaz (adverb *wirsiz, comparative *wirsizô, superlative *wirsistaz)[2]
Inflection
Declension of *ubilaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *ubilaz | *ubilai | *ubilō | *ubilôz | *ubilą, -atō | *ubilō |
| Accusative | *ubilanǭ | *ubilanz | *ubilǭ | *ubilōz | *ubilą, -atō | *ubilō |
| Genitive | *ubilas, -is | *ubilaizǫ̂ | *ubilaizōz | *ubilaizǫ̂ | *ubilas, -is | *ubilaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *ubilammai | *ubilaimaz | *ubilaizōi | *ubilaimaz | *ubilammai | *ubilaimaz |
| Instrumental | *ubilanō | *ubilaimiz | *ubilaizō | *ubilaimiz | *ubilanō | *ubilaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *ubilô | *ubilaniz | *ubilǭ | *ubilōniz | *ubilô | *ubilōnō |
| Accusative | *ubilanų | *ubilanunz | *ubilōnų | *ubilōnunz | *ubilô | *ubilōnō |
| Genitive | *ubiliniz | *ubilanǫ̂ | *ubilōniz | *ubilōnǫ̂ | *ubiliniz | *ubilanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *ubilini | *ubilammaz | *ubilōni | *ubilōmaz | *ubilini | *ubilammaz |
| Instrumental | *ubilinē | *ubilammiz | *ubilōnē | *ubilōmiz | *ubilinē | *ubilammiz |
Synonyms
- *ilhilaz (North Germanic)
Antonyms
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *ubil
- Gothic: 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 (ubils)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*ufelo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 396
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*ubila-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 557
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 369–372