Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/Hyewdʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

A derivation from *h₂yew- (“straight, upright”),^[1] most likely with *-dʰh₁eti.

Root

*Hyewdʰ-^[2]^[3]

moving erect, to be agitated or push forward in such a fashion that one is straight or upright (for example as walking into battle)^[1]

Alternative reconstructions

*h₂yéwdʰh₁eti

Derived terms

*Hyúdʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyúdʰyati (“to fight, to battle”)^[4]
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyúdʰyati
    - Sanskrit: युध्यति (yúdhyati), युध्यते (yúdhyate)
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hyúdyati
    - Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yūⁱδiieⁱti)^[5]
*Hyowdʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)
*Hyowdʰ-ó-s
- Proto-Celtic: *youdos
  - Proto-Brythonic: *jʉð
    - Middle Welsh: ut, ud, udd
      - Welsh: udd
*Hyudʰ-sḱé-ti (sḱé-present)
- Proto-Tocharian: *yutkǝ-
  - Tocharian A: yutkatār (“to worry”)
*Hyudʰ-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyudᶻdʰás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyuddʰás
    - Sanskrit: युद्ध (yuddhá)
      - Kashmiri: یۆد (yod)
- Proto-Italic: *jussos
  - Latin: iussus
*Hyudʰ-(s)mós (“warrior”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jud-mas
  - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *ojьminъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: *ὑσμός (*husmós)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: ὑσμίνη (husmínē, “battle”)^[6]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyudʰmás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyudʰmás
    - Sanskrit: युध्म (yudhmá, “warrior”)
*Hyéwdʰ-tōr ~ *Hyudʰ-tr-és
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyáwdᶻdʰā
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwddʰā
    - Sanskrit: योद्धृ (yoddhṛ)
*Hyéwdʰ-tu-s ~ *Hyudʰ-téw-s
- Proto-Italic: *jussus
  - Latin: iussus
*Hyéwdʰ-u-s ~ *Hyudʰ-éw-s^[1]
- Ancient Greek: εὐθύς (euthús), ῑ̓θῠ́ς (īthús) — Ionic, Epic
*Hyéwdʰ-r̥^[1]
- >? Ancient Greek: *εὖθαρ (*eûthar), εἶθαρ (eîthar)
- >? Latin: iubar

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hyawdʰ- (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Willi, Andreas (2001) “Lateinisch iubēre, griechisch εὐϑύς und ein indogermanisches Rechtskonzept”, in Historische Sprachforschung (in German), volume 114, number 1. H., →DOI, pages 117–146
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1376
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*Hi̯eu̯dʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 225
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “yodh-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*Hi̯aud”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὑσμίνη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1538

[Willi-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Willi, Andreas (2001) “Lateinisch iubēre, griechisch εὐϑύς und ein indogermanisches Rechtskonzept”, in Historische Sprachforschung (in German), volume 114, number 1. H., →DOI, pages 117–146

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1376

[3] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*Hi̯eu̯dʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 225

[IAIL-4] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “yodh-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[5] Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*Hi̯aud”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[B-6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὑσμίνη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1538

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