Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/Hyawdʰ-

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

From Proto-Indo-European *Hyewdʰ- (“to move, to be agitated”).^[1]

*Hyawdʰ-

1. to fight, to battle
2. to struggle

• Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyawdʰ-
  • Sanskrit: युध् (yudh) (zero grade)
• Proto-Iranian: *Hyawd-
  • Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬜- (yūδ-)
  • Persian: جستن (jostan, “to search, seek”)

• *Hyáwdʰati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwdʰati
    • Sanskrit: योधति (yodhati)
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hyáwdati
    • Old Persian: (yaudatīy)
• *Hyúdʰyati
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyúdʰyati
    • Sanskrit: युध्यति (yudhyati), युध्यते (yudhyate)
      • Pali: yujjhati
      • Magadhi Prakrit:
        • Assamese: যুঁজা (zũza)
      • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (jujjhaï)
      • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀤𑀺 (jujjhadi)
        • Gujarati: ઝૂઝવું (jhūjhvũ)
        • Hindi: जूझना (jūjhnā)
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hyúdyati
    • Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yūⁱδiieⁱti)
• *Hyudʰyás
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyudʰyás
    • Sanskrit: युध्य (yudhyá)
      • Magadhi Prakrit:
        • Bengali: যুঝা (jujha)
        • Middle Assamese: যুঝ (zuzh)
          • Assamese: যুঁজ (zũz)
      • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛 (jujjha)
      • Sauraseni Prakrit:
        • Hindi: जूझ (jūjh)
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hyudyáh
    • Avestan: 𐬫𐬎𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬀 (yudiia)
• *Hyudᶻdʰás (“fought”)
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyuddʰás
    • Sanskrit: युद्ध (yuddhá)
      • Kashmiri: یۆد (yod)
      • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥 (juddha)
• *Hyawdʰás (“warrior”)
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyawdʰás
    • Sanskrit: योध (yodhá)
  • Proto-Iranian: *Hyawdáh
    • Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬁-𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (aspā-iiaoδa, “horse warrior”)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Iranian:
    • Khotanese: 𑀚𑀼𑀯𑁆- (juv-, “to fight”)
    • Parthian: yws- (“to battle”), ywd- (“to strive for”)