Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰrendʰ-
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology 1
Root
Derived terms
- *gʰrendʰ-is
- *gʰrondʰ-(e)h₂
- *gʰrondʰ-il-os
- Proto-Germanic: *grandilaz
- Proto-West Germanic: *grandil (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *grandilaz
- *gʰrn̥dʰ-éh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grindā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)
See also
- ?*gʰren- (“front edge, protrusion”)
- Proto-Germanic *grumþuz (“ground”), which apparently points to *gʰrem-
References
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “*grunda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 273-274
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “grinda”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 189
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grę̄dà”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 187-188
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grindi-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
- ^ Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988–1997) “grandico”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian] (in Lithuanian), Vilnius
Further reading
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ghrendh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 459–460
Etymology 2
Proposed to be a nasal-infixed dental extension of *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”), or suffixed from *gʰren- as in Ancient Greek χραίνω (khraínō, “to stroke, brush, smear”).
Root
Alternative reconstructions
- *gʰrenHdʰ- (laryngeal based on Balto-Slavic accent)
- *gʷʰren(H)dʰ- (labiovelar based on Latin frendō)
- *gʰrend- (based on the Balto-Slavic and Ancient Greek χόνδρος (khóndros) (< *gʰrónd-ro-s?))
Reconstruction notes
Given the variety of conflicting reconstructions and fairly wide semantic range, existence of this root is uncertain.
Derived terms
- *gʰréndʰ-(e)-ti (root present)
- Proto-Albanian:
- >? Albanian: grind (“to brawl”) (cf. also gërdhij (“to scratch”) < Proto-Albanian *gradīnja; grij (“to grind, gnaw, cut”) < *grinja)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grenˀd-
- Lithuanian: grę́sti (“to scrape, scratch”)
- Proto-Germanic: *grindaną (“to grind”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic:
- >? Latin: frendō (“to gnash the teeth; to crush to bits”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Albanian:
- *gʰrendʰ-éh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *grindō (“gravel, pebbles, sand”) (see there for further descendants)
- *gʰrendʰ-o-
- *gʰróndʰ-o-
References
- ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 169: “*ghrendh- ‘grind’”
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “frendō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 241
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*grindan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “gręsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χόνδρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1643
- ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 251
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “grǫdъ grǫda”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b hill (NA 122; SA 21)”
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ʒranðō(n)”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 140
Further reading
- Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grǫ̀da; *grǫdъ; *grùda; *grudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 192