Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷékʷlos
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated derivative of *kʷel- (“to turn”).
Noun
*kʷékʷlos m (non-ablauting)
Alternative forms
- *kʷekʷlóm
- *kʷókʷlos
- *kuklós (= *kʷₔkʷlós reanalyzed as containing *-lós?)
Reconstruction notes
This Proto-Indo-European word has been proposed as the source of Sumerian 𒄑𒇀 (ĜIŠGIGIR, “chariot”), Aramaic and Hebrew גַּלְגַּל (galgal, “anything that rolls; wheel”) (but compare גָּלַל (gālal, “to roll”)), and Proto-Kartvelian *grgar. The similarly shaped Chinese 軲轆 / 轱辘 (*guk luk) is only attested in the last few centuries and may be the result of convergent onomatopoeic derivation. Instead, the undetermined 車 (*kla, “chariot” > “car”) may be a borrowing from a descendant form of this root from the spread of the chariot. See Chariot (China).
Inflection
| Thematic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | collective | |||
| nominative | *kʷékʷlos | *kʷekʷléh₂ | ||
| genitive | *kʷékʷlosyo | *kʷekʷlósyo | ||
| singular | dual | plural | collective | |
| nominative | *kʷékʷlos | *kʷékʷloh₁ | *kʷékʷloes | *kʷekʷléh₂ |
| vocative | *kʷékʷle | *kʷékʷloh₁ | *kʷékʷloes | *kʷekʷléh₂ |
| accusative | *kʷékʷlom | *kʷékʷloh₁ | *kʷékʷloms | *kʷekʷléh₂ |
| genitive | *kʷékʷlosyo | *? | *kʷékʷloHom | *kʷekʷlósyo |
| ablative | *kʷékʷlead | *? | *kʷékʷlomos, *kʷékʷlobʰos | *kʷekʷléad |
| dative | *kʷékʷloey | *? | *kʷékʷlomos, *kʷékʷlobʰos | *kʷekʷlóey |
| locative | *kʷékʷley, *kʷékʷloy | *? | *kʷékʷloysu | *kʷekʷléy, *kʷekʷlóy |
| instrumental | *kʷékʷloh₁ | *? | *kʷékʷlōys | *kʷekʷlóh₁ |
Descendants
- Anatolian:
- (perhaps) Hittite: 𒃻𒆪𒄢𒆷 (NINDAKU.GUL.LA, “lard biscuit, doughnut”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kaklas (< *kʷokʷlos)
- Proto-Germanic: *hwehwlą (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷókʷlos (< *kʷokʷlos) or *kúklos? (< *kʷukʷlos)
- Ancient Greek: κύκλος (kúklos, “cycle, wheel”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakrám (< *kʷekʷlóm) (see there for further descendants)
- Phrygian: κίκλην (kíklēn) (+ *-ēn)
- Proto-Tocharian: *kuk(ä)le, *kukle (< *kʷukʷlo-)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mallory, James Patrick (1989) In Search of the Indo-Europeans, Thames and Hudson, →ISBN, p. 163
- ^ John Farndon, The World's Greatest Idea, →ISBN, p. 95
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kokale”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 214