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The variety of derived forms is usually explained as absorption of the stems from different noun types (o-, eh₂-, i- and u-stems) into the suffix, or as influence from verbal suffixes. Germanic *-a- ~ *-i- ~ *-u- alternation may simply result from a type of umlaut or varying reflexes of a schwa.
↑ 1.01.1From the o-grade (possibly merged with *-ol-o-s), but may also reflect *-ulos. Latin -ulus can also be directly from *-elos. Slavic *-ъlъ can also be explained as from regressive hardening.
↑ 2.02.12.22.3Can reflect either *-elós or *-ilos.
^ Contaminated by or merged with a separate suffix *-ul-o-s, thematicized from *-wl̥ in late PIE.
References
^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 456
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 367