Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷelh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*kʷelh₁-^[1]^[2]

to turn (end-over-end)
to revolve around, and therefore to sojourn, to dwell

Reconstruction notes

The root must be reconstructed with -h₁- in order to explain some forms in Greek and Celtic, including:

Proto-Greek *kʷélh₁-dʰe-ti (dʰe-present) > Ancient Greek τελέθω (teléthō)
Proto-Celtic *kʷalnati (nasal present) > Welsh pallu, Old Irish imm·cella

This reconstruction, however, contradicts some forms in other languages, e.g.:

Proto-Italic *kʷl̥-tó-s (past participle) > Latin cultus (not **clātus < **kʷl̥h₁-tós)

However, these apparent laryngeal-free reflexes can be explained by various secondary processes.

Alternative reconstructions

*kʷel-^[3]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷelh₁- (14 c, 0 e)

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷel-

*kʷélh₁-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Albanian: *tšela
  - Albanian: sjell
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélō
  - Ancient Greek: πέλω (pélō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čálHati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷelō
  - Latin: colō (see there for further descendants)
*kʷl̥-né-h₁-ti ~ kʷl̥-n-h₁-énti (nasal-infix present)
- Proto-Celtic: *kʷalnati (see there for further descendants)
*kʷél(h₁)-ye-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷéľľō
  - Ancient Greek: τέλλω (téllō)
*kʷelh₁-es-ye-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷeléyyō
  - Ancient Greek: τελέω (teléō)
*kʷl̥h₁-ét ~ *kʷl̥h₁-ónt (thematic root aorist)
- Proto-Albanian: *kla ~ *klend^[4]
  - Albanian: qe
*kʷélh₁-os ~ *kʷélh₁-es-os
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷélos
  - Ancient Greek: τέλος (télos) (see there for further descendants)
*kʷélh₁-u-s
- Proto-Italic: *kʷélus
  - Latin: colus
*kʷelh₁-u-
- Proto-Celtic: *kʷolu- (“wheel”)
  - Middle Irish: cul
*kʷelh₁-éh₂
- Proto-Italic: *-kʷelā
  - Latin: -cola
*kʷelh₁-h₃onh₂-os
- Proto-Italic: *kʷelōnos
  - Latin: colōnus (see there for further descendants)
*kʷelh₁-o-m
- Old Prussian: kelan
*kʷólh₁-o-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷólos
  - Ancient Greek: πόλος (pólos)
    - Greek: πόλος (pólos)
    - → Latin: polus (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: kele (“navel, belly button”)^[5]
*kʷólh₁-os ~ *kʷólh₁-es-os
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalas
  - Proto-Slavic: *kolo (see there for further descendants)
*kʷol(h₁)-so-
- Proto-Germanic: *halsaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷolsom
  - Latin: collum (see there for further descendants)
*kʷé-kʷl-o-s (reduplicated noun)
*kʷl̥h₁-í-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷalis
  - Ancient Greek: πάλιν (pálin), πᾰ́λῐ (páli)
    - Greek: πάλι (páli)
    - → Coptic: ⲡⲁⲗⲓⲛ (palin)

Unsorted formations:
- Old Armenian: եղանիմ (ełanim) (perhaps)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kela-
  - Proto-Slavic: *čeľadь (“household, servants”) (see there for further descendants)
  - >? Proto-Slavic: *čelověkъ (“human”) (see there for further descendants)
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: -κόλος (-kólos)
  - Ancient Greek: πάλαι (pálai)
  - Ancient Greek: -πόλος (-pólos)
  - Ancient Greek: τῆλε (têle)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: चल (cala)
- Proto-Tocharian: *käl-^[6]
  - Tocharian A: käl-
  - Tocharian B: käl-
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: klutk-
- →? Proto-Uralic: *kulke- (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: चर् (car), चल् (cal)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “k^u̯elh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 386-8
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kʷal-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 174
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τέλομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1462
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 214: “*kle-nti”
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kele”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 211
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “käl-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 179-181

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “k^u̯elh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 386-8

[2] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kʷal-na-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 174

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τέλομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1462

[4] Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 214: “*kle-nti”

[5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kele”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 211

[6] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “käl-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 179-181

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