Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/taʀuq

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 This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

The original meaning was likely “to put something of value aside for future use”, which gave rise to senses involving hiding, with extended meaning including “to bury the dead”, “to lay an egg” and “to deliver”. In several languages in western Indonesia, the term came to mean “to place a bet in gambling”, a sense that appears to have developed in Javanese and subsequently spread to other languages through contact, particularly via Malay.

Verb

*taʀuq

  1. to store, put away for safekeeping, hide valuables
  2. to place a bet in gambling
  3. to lay an egg

Descendants

  • Philippine
    • Batanic
      • Yami: tayo (“to hide”)
      • Ivatan: tayu (“hiding”)
      • Ibatan: tayo (“hiding”)
    • Northern Luzon
      • Ilocano: táro (“competition in tolerance; stake; wager; bet”)
      • Meso-Cordilleran
        • Central Cordilleran
          • Kalinga–Itneg
            • Tanudan Kalinga: talu (“to hide; hidden”)
          • Ifugao
            • Tuwali Ifugao: tálu (“to hide, conceal”)
        • Southern Cordilleran
          • Keley-I Kallahan: talu (“to hide, conceal”)
          • Ibaloi: talo (“to store, keep, put away something”)
          • Karao: talo (“to bury a dead person”)
    • Central Luzon
      • Sambalic
        • Abenlen Ayta: tayo (“to hide, conceal”)
        • >? Sambali: taya (“a bet”)
    • Greater Central Philippine
      • Central Philippine
        • Tagalog: tago (“to hide”)
          • → Mag-Anchi Ayta: tago
        • Bikol Central: tagò (“to hide, conceal”)
        • Bisayan
          • Cebuano: tago (“to hide, put away”)
          • Asi: tágò (“hiding place; refuge; sheltered place”)
          • Romblomanon: tāgu' (“to hide, keep, put away”)
          • Masbatenyo: tágò (“secluded; keep safe”)
          • Waray-Waray: tagò (“to hide, conceal, keep”)
        • Mansakan
          • Mansaka: tágò (“to hide, conceal; hidden”)
          • Tagakaulu Kalagan: tagu' (“to hide; to do secretly”)
      • South Mangyan
        • Hanunoo: tágo (“hiding (as hiding something in a cave)”)
      • Manobo
        • Ata Manobo: tagù (“contents; to put into something”)
        • Agusan Manobo: 'tagù (“to place inside a container”)
        • Cotabato Manobo: tagù (“to put inside”)
        • Western Bukidnon Manobo: taɣu' (“to put inside”)
      • Subanen
        • Western Subanon: taguꞌ (“to put, keep; hidden”)
        • Central Subanen: tagu' (“to put away, store, save”)
      • Danao
        • Maranao: tago' (“contents; to put, place; to keep, hide”)
        • Maguindanao: tagu (“to put; to keep, hide, conceal”)
      • Palawanic
        • Brooke's Point Palawano: tagu' (“to hide, save, keep for someone”)
        • Central Palawano: taguq (“to hide, conceal; hidden”)
        • Aborlan Tagbanwa: tagu' (“to hide, keep, put away”)
      • Gorontalo–Mongondow
        • Gorontalo: tahu (“to keep; to lay away (in the heart)”)
        • Mongondow: tagú (“to keep, preserve, lay away (in the heart)”)
        • Ponosakan: tauk (“to put; to put away”)
    • Kalamian
      • Calamian Tagbanwa: taluk (“to hide”)
      • Agutaynen: talok (“secretly; to hide, put away”)
    • Sangiric
      • Sangir: taho (“to put”)
    • Minahasan: *tahuʔ (“to put into, store in”)
      • Tonsea: tauk (“content”)
      • Tombulu: tahu' (“content”)
  • North Bornean
    • Northeast Sabahan
      • Bonggi: taruh (“to hide, put away”)
      • >? Ida'an: taru (“to put”)
    • Southwest Sabahan
      • Dusunic
        • Rungus: tahu (“to store, keep, put away, save”)
    • North Sarawakan
      • Dayic
        • Kelabit: taru' (“making, doing, implementing; putting, placing”)
        • Lun Bawang: taru' (“to make, do”)
  • Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
    • Batak
      • Karo Batak: taruh (“to put down (of a wager)”)
      • Simalungun Batak: taruh (“to send, deliver”)
      • Toba Batak: taru (“to escort, send”)
      • Angkola Batak: taru (“to send, deliver”)
      • Mandailing Batak: taru (“to send, deliver”)
    • Gayo: taroh (“a wager, bet”)
  • Malayo-Sumbawan
    • Proto-Malayic: *taruh
      • Banjarese: taruh (“put, place, store; bet, gamble”)
      • Ibanic
      • Nuclear Malayic
        • Malay: taruh (“put, place, keep, store; bet, gamble”)
          • > Baba Malay: taroh (inherited)
          • > Indonesian: taruh (inherited)
          • Manado Malay: teru
        • Brunei Malay: taruh (“put, place, keep”)
        • Kedah Malay: taquh (“put, place, keep, store”)
        • Minangkabau: taruah (“bet, gamble”)
        • Pattani Malay: ตาโรฺะฮ (taṛoh, “store, keep”)
      • Urak Lawoi': ตาโระฮ (taroh, “keep, put, place”)
    • Sundanese: taruh / ᮒᮛᮥᮂ (“a bet, wager”)
    • Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
      • Sasak: taroq (“a wager, a bet on something; to insert; place a bet”)
      • Sumbawa: taro (“gambling, bet, wager”)
  • Old Javanese: toh
  • South Sulawesi
    • Buginese: taro / ᨈᨑᨚ (“to save, stow, put away”)
    • >? Makasar: toro' (“bet, wager”)
    • Northern South Sulawesi
      • Toraja-Sa'dan: torro (“to settle, live”)
      • Mamasa: torro (“to settle, live”)
      • Tae': torro (“to settle, live”)
  • Central Malayo-Polynesian
    • Flores–Lembata
      • Lamaholot: ta'o (“to place, put, set, lay down”)
    • Kei–Tanimbar
      • Fordata: ntaru (“to lay (egg); gamble”)
      • ⇒? Yamdena: nbataru (“to wager, place a bet”)
    • Timoric
      • Tetum: tau (“to put, place”)
      • Rote–Meto
        • Baikeno: tao (“to put”)
      • Wetar–Galoli
        • Perai: tau (“to put, lay”)
      • Luangic–Kisaric
        • Kisar: kau (“to set on”)
    • Central Maluku
      • East Central Maluku
        • Asilulu: talu (“to place, to put”)
      • West Central Maluku
        • Buru (Indonesia): tahu (“to put, place or set”)
        • Asilulu: tahu (“to lay down, put or place”)
  • Proto-Oceanic: *taʀuq
    • Admiralty Islands
      • Wuvulu-Aua: ʔau (“to put”)
    • Western Oceanic
      • Meso-Melanesian
        • Bali–Vitu
          • Muduapa: taru (“to put, place”)
          • Uneapa: taruhi (“to put”)
        • Willaumez
          • Nakanai: talu (“to put in, put down, plant”)
      • Papuan Tip
        • Motu: taru (“to cover, wrap”)
    • Central–Eastern Oceanic
      • Southeast Solomonic
        • Bugotu–Gela
          • Bughotu: talu (“to put, place, appoint”)
          • Gela: talu (“to put, place, set”)
        • Malaita–Makira
          • Sa'a: älu (“to put, place”)
          • Northern Malaita
            • Kwaio: alu (“to put, keep”)
            • Lau: alu (“to place, put, lay down; to give, send; to bury”)
            • To'abaita: alua (“put, keep; to bury”)
      • Central Pacific
        • Western Fijian: tau (“be located, situated, positioned, placed, put; be in, at or on a place”)
        • Polynesian
          • Hawaiian: kau (“to place, put”)

References

  • Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*taRuq”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI
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