Reconstruction:Proto-Ryukyuan/pana

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 This Proto-Ryukyuan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Ryukyuan

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic *pana (“flower”).

Pronunciation

  • Tone class: B

Noun

*pana

  1. flower
Descendants
  • Northern Ryukyuan: 파나 (/⁠faɁ.na⁠/) (Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ, 1469–1470)
    • Kikai:
      Aden: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
      Araki: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
      Kamikatetsu: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
      Nakasato: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
      Onotsu: 花 (pana) (tone class BC)
      Sakamine: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
      Shiomichi: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
      Shitōke: 花 (pana) (tone class BC)
      Wan: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
    • Kunigami:
      Hentona: 花 (fana)
      Iejima: 花 (phanā) (tone class B)
      Iheya: 花 (fanā) (tone class B)
      Kin: 花 (hānā) (tone class B)
      Nago: 花 (pana) (tone class B)
      Nakijin-Yonamine: 花 (phanā) (tone class B)
      Sakimotobu: 花 (fana) (tone class B)
      Sesoko: 花 (fanā) (tone class B)
    • Northern Amami Ōshima:
      Naze: 花 (hana) (tone class AB)
      Yamatohama: 花 (hana)
    • Okinawan:
      Itoman: 花 (hana)
      Naha: 花 (hana)
      Shuri: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
    • Okinoerabu:
      China: 花 (hanā) (tone class B)
      Kamishiro: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
      Serikaku: 花 (hanā)
      Tetechina: 花 (hana)
      Wadomari: 花 (hanā) (tone class B)
    • Southern Amami Ōshima:
      Koniya: 花 (fana)
      Shodon: 花 (hana) (tone class BC)
    • Tokunoshima:
      Asama: 花 (hanā) (tone class B)
      Kametsu: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
      San: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
    • Yoron: 花 (pana) (tone class B)
  • Southern Ryukyuan:
    • Miyako:
      Bora: 花 (pana)
      Hirara: 花 (pana)
      Ikema: 花 (hana)
      Nishihara: 花 (hana) (tone class B)
      Irabu: 花 (pana)
      Karimata: 花 (pana)
      Kuninaka: 花 (pana)
      Minna: 花 (pana) (tone class B)
      Nagahama: 花 (pana)
      Nakachi: 花 (pana)
      Nobaru: 花 (pana)
      Ōgami: 花 (pana)
      Ōura: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
      Shimajiri: 花 (pana)
      Shiokawa: 花 (pana)
      Tarama: 花 (pana)
      Nakasuji: 花 (pana) (tone class A/B)
      Uechi: 花 (pana)
      Yonaha: 花 (pana) (tone class AB)
    • Yaeyama:
      Aragusuku: 花 (pana)
      Hateruma: 花 (pana) (tone class BC)
      Hatoma: 花 (pana) (tone class B)
      Ishigaki: 花 (pana) (tone class BC)
      Kabira: 花 (pana)
      Kohama: 花 (pana)
      Kuroshima: 花 (pana)
      Sonai: 花 (pana)
      Taketomi: 花 (hənə) (tone class BC)
    • Yonaguni: 花 (hana) (tone class B)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Japonic *pana (“nose”).

Pronunciation

  • Tone class: A

Noun

*pana

  1. nose
Descendants
  • Northern Ryukyuan: 파나 (/⁠pʰana⁠/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
    • Kikai:
      Aden: 鼻 (pana) (tone class AB)
      Araki: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB)
      Kamikatetsu: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB)
      Nakasato: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB)
      Onotsu: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
      Shiomichi: 鼻 (pana) (tone class AB)
      Shitōke: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
      Wan: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB)
    • Kunigami:
      Hentona: 鼻 (fana)
      Iejima: 鼻 (phana) (tone class AC)
      Iheya: 鼻 (fana) (tone class A)
      Kin: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
      Nago: 鼻 (phana) (tone class A)
      Nakijin-Yonamine: 鼻 (phanā) (tone class A)
      Oku: 鼻 (pana)
      Sakimotobu: 鼻 (fana) (tone class A)
      Sesoko: 鼻 (fana) (tone class A)
      Sumuide: 鼻 (pana)
    • Northern Amami Ōshima:
      Isu: 鼻 (fana)
      Kasari-Tekebu: 鼻 (fana)
      Naze: 鼻 (hana) (tone class AB (however, with <LF> accent instead of expected <LH>)
      Sumiyō: 鼻 (fana)
      Yamato: 鼻 (hana)
      Yamatohama: 鼻 (hana)
      Yuwan: 鼻 (hana)
    • Okinawan:
      Itoman: 鼻 (hana)
      Nago: 鼻 (fana)
      Naha: 鼻 (hana)
      Shuri: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
      Yara: 鼻 (hana)
    • Okinoerabu:
      China: 鼻 (fana) (tone class A)
      Kamishiro: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
      Serikaku: 鼻 (hanā)
      Tetechina: 鼻 (hana)
      Wadomari: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
    • Southern Amami Ōshima:
      Koniya: 鼻 (fana, hana)
      Shodon: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
    • Tokunoshima:
      Asama: 鼻 (hanā) (tone class A)
      Inō: 鼻 (hana)
      Kametsu: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
      San: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
    • Yoron: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
  • Southern Ryukyuan:
    • Miyako:
      Bora: 鼻 (pana)
      Hirara: 鼻 (pana)
      Ikema: 鼻 (hana)
      Nishihara: 鼻 (hana) (tone class B)
      Irabu: 鼻 (pana)
      Karimata: 鼻 (pana)
      Kuninaka: 鼻 (pana)
      Minna: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
      Nagahama: 鼻 (pana)
      Nakachi: 鼻 (pana)
      Nobaru: 鼻 (pana)
      Ōgami: 鼻 (pana)
      Ōura: 鼻 (pana) (tone class AB)
      Sarahama: 鼻 (hana)
      Sawada: 鼻 (pana)
      Shimajiri: 鼻 (pana)
      Shiokawa: 鼻 (pana)
      Tarama: 鼻 (pana)
      Nakasuji: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
      Uechi: 鼻 (pana)
      Yonaha: 鼻 (pana)
    • Yaeyama:
      Hateruma: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
      Hatoma: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
      Ishigaki: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)
      Kabira: 鼻 (pana)
      Kohama: 鼻 (pana)
      Kuroshima: 鼻 (hənə)
      Sonai: 鼻 (pana)
      Taketomi: 鼻 (pana) (tone class A)
    • Yonaguni: 鼻 (hana) (tone class A)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Japonic *pana (“edge, end”).

Pronunciation

  • Tone class: A

Noun

*pana

  1. edge, end
  2. beginning, start
  3. tip, top
  4. cape
  5. prow (of a boat)
Descendants
  • Northern Ryukyuan:
    • Kikai:
      • Aden: 端 (fana)
    • Kunigami:
      Iejima: 端 (phana) (tone class AC)
      Nakijin-Yonamine: 端 (phanā) (tone class A)
    • Okinawan:
      Naha: 端 (hana)
      Shuri: 端 (hana) (tone class A)
    • Okinoerabu:
      China: 端 (hana) (tone class A)
      Wadomari: 端 (hana) (tone class A)
    • Tokunoshima:
      Asama: 端 (hanā) (tone class A)
      Kametsu: 端 (hana) (tone class A)
    • Yoron: 端 (pana) (tone class B)
  • Southern Ryukyuan:
    • Miyako:
      Hirara: 端 (pana)
      Ikema: 端 (hana)
      Nishihara: 端 (hana) (tone class B)
      Minna: 端 (pana) (tone class A)
      Nagahama: 端 (pana)
      Nakachi: 端 (pana)
      Tarama:
      Nakasuji: 端 (pana)
    • Yaeyama:
      Hateruma: 端 (pana) (tone class A)
      Hatoma: 端 (pana) (tone class A)
      Ishigaki: 端 (hana, pana) (tone class A)
      Taketomi: 端 (pənə)
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