Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/kl(j)u(ŋ/k)

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This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: ?
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *klu(ː)ŋ ~ *k(l)uk ~ *klyoŋ (Matisoff, STEDT); *kluːŋ (Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972)

This word is fairly common in the Mainland Southeast Asian Sprachbund (Matisoff, 1991). The PTB etymon is probably a loan from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ruŋ ~ *ruuŋ ~ *ruəŋ (river, valley). Compare for instance Vietnamese sông, Old Khmer *ghloṅ (passage, way; waterway) and Pacoh cruang. Other borrowings from PMK are Thai คลอง (klɔɔng, channel) in Tai-Kadai and Eastern Cham krăwng (river), Acehnese kruëng (river) in Austronesian.

In Chinese there are two kind of reflexes: one with a nasal coda, found in (OC *kroːŋ, “river”) and its derivate (OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs, “harbour”), and one with the correspondent velar stop, reconstructed for (OC *ɦkroːɡ, *kloːɡ, *ɡ·loːɡ, “valley”).

This root appear to be somehow related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grawk (valley).

Noun

*k)

  1. river
  2. valley

Descendants

  • Old Chinese: (jiāng) /*kˤroŋ/ (B-S), /*kroːŋ/ (ZS) ("river"); /*kroːŋʔ, ɡloːŋs/ (ZS) ("harbour"); /*C.qˤok/ (B-S), /*ɦkroːɡ, kloːɡ, ɡloːɡ/ (ZS).
    • Middle Chinese: (jiāng) /kˠʌŋ/; /kˠʌŋˣ/; /kuk̚/

      Japanese:  (こう, ​)
      Korean:  (, gang)
      Vietnamese: giang ()

      Japanese:  (こう, ​)
      Korean:  (, hang)
      Vietnamese: cảng ()

      Japanese:  (こく, ​koku)
      Korean:  (, gok)
      Vietnamese: cốc ()

      • Modern Chinese
        • Beijing: (jiāng, /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/, river); (gǎng, /kɑŋ²¹⁴/, harbour); (, /ku²¹⁴/, valley)
        • Cantonese: /kɔːŋ⁵⁵/; /kɔːŋ³⁵/; /kʊk̚⁵/
        • Wu: /kɑ̃⁵³/; /kɑ̃³⁴/; /kʊʔ⁵⁵/
    • Min Nan: /kaŋ⁴⁴/; /kaŋ⁴¹/; /kɔk̚³²/
  • Tangkhulic: /*koŋ/ (Mortensen, 2012)
    • Tangkhul: kong (river)
  • Sal
    • Jingpho: kung (/kuŋ/, river)
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi

See also