Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tьmьnъ
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From *tьma (“dark”) + *-ьnъ. Compare Irish temen (“dark”).
Adjective
Declension
Indefinite declension of *tьmьnъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *tьmьnъ | *tьmьna | *tьmьno |
| genitive | *tьmьna | *tьmьny | *tьmьna |
| dative | *tьmьnu | *tьmьně | *tьmьnu |
| accusative | *tьmьnъ | *tьmьnǫ | *tьmьno |
| instrumental | *tьmьnomь | *tьmьnojǫ | *tьmьnomь |
| locative | *tьmьně | *tьmьně | *tьmьně |
| vocative | *tьmьne | *tьmьno | *tьmьno |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tьmьna | *tьmьně | *tьmьně |
| genitive | *tьmьnu | *tьmьnu | *tьmьnu |
| dative | *tьmьnoma | *tьmьnama | *tьmьnoma |
| accusative | *tьmьna | *tьmьně | *tьmьně |
| instrumental | *tьmьnoma | *tьmьnama | *tьmьnoma |
| locative | *tьmьnu | *tьmьnu | *tьmьnu |
| vocative | *tьmьna | *tьmьně | *tьmьně |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tьmьni | *tьmьny | *tьmьna |
| genitive | *tьmьnъ | *tьmьnъ | *tьmьnъ |
| dative | *tьmьnomъ | *tьmьnamъ | *tьmьnomъ |
| accusative | *tьmьny | *tьmьny | *tьmьna |
| instrumental | *tьmьny | *tьmьnami | *tьmьny |
| locative | *tьmьněxъ | *tьmьnaxъ | *tьmьněxъ |
| vocative | *tьmьni | *tьmьny | *tьmьna |
Definite declension of *tьmьnъ (hard)
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *tьmьnъjь | *tьmьnaja | *tьmьnoje |
| genitive | *tьmьnajego | *tьmьnyję̇ | *tьmьnajego |
| dative | *tьmьnujemu | *tьmьněji | *tьmьnujemu |
| accusative | *tьmьnъjь | *tьmьnǫjǫ | *tьmьnoje |
| instrumental | *tьmьnyjimь | *tьmьnǫjǫ | *tьmьnyjimь |
| locative | *tьmьnějemь | *tьmьněji | *tьmьnějemь |
| vocative | *tьmьnъjь | *tьmьnaja | *tьmьnoje |
| dual | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tьmьnaja | *tьmьněji | *tьmьněji |
| genitive | *tьmьnuju | *tьmьnuju | *tьmьnuju |
| dative | *tьmьnyjima | *tьmьnyjima | *tьmьnyjima |
| accusative | *tьmьnaja | *tьmьněji | *tьmьněji |
| instrumental | *tьmьnyjima | *tьmьnyjima | *tьmьnyjima |
| locative | *tьmьnuju | *tьmьnuju | *tьmьnuju |
| vocative | *tьmьnaja | *tьmьněji | *tьmьněji |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| nominative | *tьmьniji | *tьmьnyję̇ | *tьmьnaja |
| genitive | *tьmьnъjixъ | *tьmьnъjixъ | *tьmьnъjixъ |
| dative | *tьmьnyjimъ | *tьmьnyjimъ | *tьmьnyjimъ |
| accusative | *tьmьnyję̇ | *tьmьnyję̇ | *tьmьnaja |
| instrumental | *tьmьnyjimi | *tьmьnyjimi | *tьmьnyjimi |
| locative | *tьmьnyjixъ | *tьmьnyjixъ | *tьmьnyjixъ |
| vocative | *tьmьniji | *tьmьnyję̇ | *tьmьnaja |
Derived terms
- *tьmьnica (“dungeon”)
- *tьmьnota (“darkness”)
- *tьmьněti (“to darken (become)”)
- *tьmьniti (“to darken (make)”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “тёмный”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “тьма”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volumes 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 276
References
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tьmьnъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 505: “adj. o (b/c) ‘dark’”