Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tьma
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *tímāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *temH-.
Noun
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *tьmà | *tь̀mě | *tьmỳ |
| genitive | *tьmỳ | *tьmù | *tь̀mъ |
| dative | *tьmě̀ | *tьmàma | *tьmàmъ |
| accusative | *tьmǫ̀ | *tь̀mě | *tьmỳ |
| instrumental | *tьmòjǫ, *tь̀mǫ** | *tьmàma | *tьmàmī |
| locative | *tьmě̀ | *tьmù | *tьmàsъ, *tьmàxъ* |
| vocative | *tьmo | *tь̀mě | *tьmỳ |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
- *tьmьnъ (“dark”)
Related terms
- *tomiti (“to torment”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tьma”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 504: “f. ā ‘darkness’”
Further reading
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “тьма”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Verweij, Arno (1994) “Quantity Patterns of Substantives in Czech and Slovak”, in Dutch Contributions to the Eleventh International Congress of Slavists, Bratislava (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics), volume 22, Editions Rodopi B.V., page 503
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Turkic. Compare Turkish tümän, Kyrgyz түмөн (tümön).
Noun
| ← 10 | ← 1,000 | 10,000 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardinal: *tьma | ||||
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *tьma | *tьmě | *tьmy |
| genitive | *tьmy | *tьmu | *tьmъ |
| dative | *tьmě | *tьmama | *tьmamъ |
| accusative | *tьmǫ | *tьmě | *tьmy |
| instrumental | *tьmojǫ, *tьmǫ** | *tьmama | *tьmami |
| locative | *tьmě | *tьmu | *tьmasъ, *tьmaxъ* |
| vocative | *tьmo | *tьmě | *tьmy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
- Slovene: təmà (tonal orthography)
- West Slavic:
- Old Polish: ćma
References
- ^ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “тьма”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- ^ Marek Stachowski (2005) “Uwagi o zapożyczeniach ałtajskich w języku prasłowiańskim i kwestie pokrewne”, in Ewa Siemieniec-Gołaś, Marzanna Pomorska, editors, Turks and non-Turks. Studies on the history of linguistic and cultural contacts, volume 10, Kraków, →ISBN, *tъma ~ *tьma, page 445