Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/arg

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *argaz.

Adjective

*arg^[1]

cowardly

Inflection

a-stem
Singular	Masculine
Nominative	*arg
Genitive	*argas
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*arg	*argu	*arg
Accusative	*arganā	*argā	*arg
Genitive	*argas	*argeʀā	*argas
Dative	*argumē	*argeʀē	*argumē
Instrumental	*argu	*argeʀu	*argu
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*argē	*argō	*argu
Accusative	*argā	*argā	*argu
Genitive	*argeʀō	*argeʀō	*argeʀō
Dative	argēm, argum	argēm, argum	argēm, argum
Instrumental	argēm, argum	argēm, argum	argēm, argum

Descendants

Old English: earg, arg
- Middle English: arg, argh, eri
  - Early Scots: argh, arch
    - Scots: ergh, erfe, erf
  - English: argh, eerie
Old Frisian: erch, erg
- Saterland Frisian: äärch
- West Frisian: erch, arch
Old Saxon: *arug, *arg
- Middle Low German: arich, arch
  - Low German: arg
Old Dutch: arug, *arg
- Middle Dutch: arch, aerch, erch
  - Dutch: erg, arg (the form with -a- is now archaic or dialectal, but preserved in several derived forms such as argeloos, argwaan etc.)
    - Afrikaans: erg
Old High German: arg, arc, arga
- Middle High German: arc
  - Alemannic German: arg, arig
    Swabian: arg
  - Bavarian: oarg
  - Central Franconian: ärch, arch (Moselle Franconian)
    Hunsrik: aarich
  - German: arg
  - Luxembourgish: uerg
  - Rhine Franconian:
    Palatine German: aarich, arch, arich
    Pennsylvania German: arig, arrig
  - → Medieval Latin: arga

References

^ Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 180: “PWGmc *arg”

[1] Ringe, Donald, Taylor, Ann (2014) The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 180: “PWGmc *arg”

[1]