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User:Helrasincke/Morphology/Yiddish. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
User:Helrasincke/Morphology/Yiddish, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
User:Helrasincke/Morphology/Yiddish in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
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Notes: Litvish only has two genders, with inanimate objects being mostly assigned a feminine gender. Diminutives retain their base noun gender.
Inflectional
Verbal
Verbal
| Affix
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Function
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Examples
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Notes
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Verbal
| Affix
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Function
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Examples
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Notes
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| -∅
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First person singular
Imperative singular
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| ־סט (-st)
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Second person singular
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| ־ט (-t)
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Third person singular
Second person plural
Imperative plural
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| -ṇ ־ן (-n)
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Infinitive (regular verbs)
First person plural
Third person plural
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| -ṇdik ־נדיק (-ndik)
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| ge- + umlaut + -ən ־ן (-n) + גע־ (ge-)
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Past participle (strong verbs)
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רײַסן (raysn) ⇾ געריסן (gerisn)
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| ge- + umlaut + -t ־ט (-t) + גע־ (ge-)
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Past participle (weak verbs)
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מאַכן (makhn) ⇾ געמאַכט (gemakht)
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| ge- גע־ (ge-)
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Derivational/fossilised historic prefixations (greykhṇ)
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greykhṇ גרייכן (greykhn)
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nominal
Nominal
| Affix
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Function
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Examples
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Notes
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| ~-s[1] ־ס (-s)
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Plural formation of nouns
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Most nouns with unstressed final -ə ־ע (-e), -m ־ם (-m), -əm ־עם (-em), -ṇ ־ן (-n), -en ־ען (-en). Words of foreign origin with unstressed, non-reduced final vowel (auto, radio, etc.) Nouns in -er ־ער (-er) not referring to humans[2]; in some contexts, also human agentives in -er ־ער (-er)
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Sometimes alternates with ־ן (-n), ־ען (-en), especially in journalistic and some formal usage; where both exist, the latter usually engenders a more abstract meaning.[3]
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| -ṇ ־ן (-n), ־ען (-en)
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Plural formation
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Some inherited Germanic vocabulary; Daytshmerisms; some non-diminutives in syllabic -ḷ ־ל (-l)
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Common in political terminology borrowed from German in the 19th century.[3]
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| -er ־ער (-er)
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Plural formation
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Many inherited Germanic words; a very small number of words of Semitic origin, e.g. pónəm פּנים (pnim) ⇾ pénəmər פּנימער (pnimer).
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May or may not also involve vowel shift (umlaut)
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| ∅ + umlaut
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Plural formation
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Many inherited Germanic words
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| ∅
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Plural formation
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Nouns referring to humans in -er ־ער (-er) (with some exceptions); handful of nouns with various endings
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In some contexts, human agentives in -er ־ער (-er) pluralise instead with ־ס (-s)[4]
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| ~-s[1] ־ס (-s),
~-əs[1] ־עס (-es)
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Plural formation
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Family names
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־עס (-es) after names ending in sibilants: ־ז, ־זש, ־סש, ־ס, ־צ, ־ש
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| ~-əs[1] ־עס (-es)
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Plural formation
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Some nouns, mostly those of Slavic origin.
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Sometimes stem undergoes vowel changes
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| -im, -əm ־ים (-im)
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Plural formation
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1) Some nouns of Semitic origin in unstressed -ə ־א (-a), -ə ־ה (-h), e.g. יום־טובֿ (yontev) ⇾ יום־טובֿים (yontoyvem);
2) Small number of nouns of non-Semitic origin, e.g. דאָקטער (dokter) ⇾ דאָקטוירים (doktoyrim); נאַר (nar) ⇾ נאַראָנים (naronim); פּויער (poyer) ⇾ פּויערים (poyerim);
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Stress shifts to penultimate syllable; many stems undergo vowel changes[5]; Sometimes a syllable is added or changed between stem and suffix
Most nouns in -er ־ער (-er), -or ־אָר (-or) acquire a pejorative or sarcastic sense when pluralised this way
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| -əs ־ותֿ (-us)
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Plural formation
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Mostly nouns of Semitic origin (most in unstressed -ə ־א (-a), -ə ־ה (-h); some ending in a consonant); מעשׂה (mayse/manse) ⇾ מעשׂיות (mayses/manses); אות (os) ⇾ אותיות (oysyes);
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Stress shifts to penultimate syllable; many stems undergo vowel changes;[5] final -ə ־ה (-h) is dropped; phonetically identical with ~-əs ־עס (-es)
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| -əkh, -akh ־עך (-ekh)
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Plural formation
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Nouns ending in syllabic -ḷ ־ל (-l)
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Mandatory for diminutives; some non-diminutives alternate with ־ען (-en)
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adjectival
| Affix
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Function
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Examples
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Notes
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| ∅
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| er (-ṇ)?
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| e
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| en
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| em
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| s
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| er
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| et
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| Affix
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Function
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Examples
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Notes
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| prefixes:
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| ge- גע־ (ge-)
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verbal (past tense & derivational/historic) & nominal? (collective)
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| גע־ (ge-)
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Derivational:
verbal
| Affix
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Function
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Examples
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Notes
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| -ke-
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| -eve-
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nominal
| Affix
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Function
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Examples
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Notes
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| -∅
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Nominalisations from verbal stems
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Masculine; vowel often follows past participle[6]
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| -or ־אָר (-or)
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Forms masculine agentives
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| -íst ־יסט (-ist)
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Forms masculine agentives
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Stressed
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| -nik ־ניק (-nik)
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Forms masculine agentives
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See also: ־ניצע (-nitse)
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| -ént ־ענט (-ent)
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Forms masculine agentives
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Stressed
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| -éts ־עץ (-ets)
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Forms masculine agentives
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| -er ־ער (-er)
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Forms masculine agentives
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| -úk ־וק (-uk)
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Forms masculine agentives
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Pejorative; stressed[6]
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| -ák ־אַק (-ak)-yák ־יאַק (-yak)
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Forms masculine agentives
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Pejorative; stressed[6]
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| -ə ־א (-a)
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Unstressed final vowels generally feminine, except where semantic masculinity overrides[7]
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| -ə ־ה (-h)
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Unstressed final vowels generally feminine, except where semantic masculinity overrides[7]
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| -ə ־ע (-e)
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Unstressed final vowels generally feminine, except where semantic masculinity overrides[7]
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| -hayt ־הײַט (-hayt)
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Generally feminine[7]
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| -kayt ־קײַט (-kayt)
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Generally feminine[7]
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| -ung ־ונג (-ung)
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Generally feminine[7]
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| -úr ־ור (-ur)
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Generally feminine[7]
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| -əs ־ותֿ (-us)
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Generally feminine; occasionally neuter[7][8]
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| -ik ־יק (-ik)
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Generally feminine[7]
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| -ənish ־עניש (-enish)
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Generally feminine; occasionally neuter[7][8]
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| -énts
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Generally feminine[7]
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| -ék ־עק (-ek)
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Generally feminine[7]
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| -əráy ־ערײַ (-eray)
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Generally feminine; occasionally neuter[7][8]
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| -shaft ־שאַפֿט (-shaft)
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Generally feminine[7]
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| -tə ־טע (-te)
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Forms feminine agentives
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Most frequent feminizing suffix for Semitic component agentives[9]
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| -tsə ־יצע (-itse)
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Forms feminine agentives
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| -in ־ין (-in)
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Forms feminine agentives
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| -kə ־קע (-ke)
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Forms feminine agentives
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| -∅ (+stem vowel ablaut)
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Nominalisations of adjectival stems
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קעלט (kelt, “cold”, noun) (c.f. קאַלט (kalt, “cold”, adj), קעלטער (kelter, “colder”, comparative degree))
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Compare German Kälte f (“cold”, noun), kalt (“cold”, adj), kälter (“colder”, comparative degree). Unlike German, there is no final vowel.
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| syllabic -ḷ ־ל (-l)
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Diminutive: little
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Almost always neuter, except in very rare cases when semantic gender overrides[10]
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| -ḷe ־עלע (-ele)
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Diminutive, 2nd degree: very little
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Almost always neuter, except in very rare cases when semantic gender overrides[10]
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| gə- גע־ (ge-)
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Collective
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Generally neuter[11]
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| -varg ־וואַרג (-varg)
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"ware"
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Generally neuter[11]; Albright argues that this behaves more like a bound stem than a suffix[12]
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| -tum ־טום (-tum)
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Generally neuter[11]
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| -s ־ס (-s)
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Generally neuter[11]
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| -əkhts, -akhts ־עכֿץ (-ekhts) (־עכץ (-ekhts))
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Generally neuter[11]
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| -∅
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Nominalisations of: 1) infinitives; 2) adjectives ending in ־ע
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Neuter[13]
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| lekh/-elekh ־עלעך (-elekh)/־לעך (-lekh)
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| -lich (very rare)
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| ke
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| -nost -nost ־נאָסט (-nost)
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פּאָטעפֿאַלנאָסט (potefalnost, “audacity”) < פּאָטעפֿאַלנע (potefalne, “audacious”); דאָוויערענאָסט (dovyerenost, “power of attorney”) < Russian доверенность (doverennostʹ)
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Extremely rare, only in Slavic loanwords
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| izm ־יזם (-izm)
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| -em ־עם (-em)
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| ṇ ־עם (-em)
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syllabic
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| tshik ־טשיק (-tshik)
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| in
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| te
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| tel/-stel
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adjectival/adverbial
| Affix
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Function
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Examples
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Notes
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| erheyt
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| lekh ־לעך (-lekh)
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| ik ־יק (-ik), ־יִק (-ik); ־יג (-ig) (daytshmerish)
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prefixes:
verbal
| Affix
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Function
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Examples
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Notes
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| ant- אַנט־ (ant-)^
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Unstressed prefix
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| ba- באַ־ (ba-)^
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Unstressed prefix
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| der- דער־ (der-)^
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Unstressed prefix
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| far- פֿאַר־ (far-)^
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'completeness of action; initiation of a change in circumstances; debasement of the value or success of the action'
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Unstressed prefix
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| ge- גע־ (ge-)^
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Unstressed prefix
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| tse- צע־ (tse-)^
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Unstressed prefix
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| oys- אויז־ (oyz-)
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Stressed prefix
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| uf- אויפֿ־ (oyf-)
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Stressed prefix
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| um- אומ־ (um-)
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Stressed prefix
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| unter- אונטער־ (unter-)
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Stressed prefix
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| iber- איבער (iber)
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Stressed prefix
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| ayn- אײַנ־ (ayn-)
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'enter a new state; change of situation'
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Stressed prefix
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| on- אָנ־ (on-)
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Stressed prefix
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| op- אָפּ־ (op-) past tense: /
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Stressed prefix
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| bay- בײַ־ (bay-)
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Stressed prefix
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| for- פֿאָר־ (for-)
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Stressed prefix
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| tsu- צו־ (tsu-)
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Stressed prefix
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| (free stressed prefixes)
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| (a)dú(r)kh- אַדורכ־ (adurkh-)/דורכ־ (durkh-)
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| ahin- אַהינ־ (ahin-)
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| aher- אַהער (aher)
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| avek- אַװעק־ (avek-)
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| mit- מיט־ (mit-)
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| a(nt)kegen- (antkegṇ-)? אַנטקעגנ־ (antkegn-)/אַקעגענ־ (akegen-)
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| anider אַנידער־ (anider-)
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| arop- אַראָפּ־ (arop-)
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| aroys- אַרויס־ (aroys-)
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| arúf- אַרויפֿ־ (aroyf-)
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| arum- אַרומ־ (arum-)
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| arayn- אַרײַנ־ (arayn-)
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| arunter- אַרונטער־ (arunter-)
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| ariber- אַריבער־ (ariber-)
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| nokh- נאָכ־ (nokh-)
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| farbay- פֿאַרבײַ־ (farbay-)
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| faroys- פֿאַרויס־ (faroys-)
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| funander- פֿונאַנדער־ (funander-)
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| tsuzamen- צוזאַמענ־ (tsuzamen-)
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| tzunoyf- צונויפֿ־ (tsunoyf-)
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adverbial
| Affix
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Function
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Examples
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Notes
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| a-
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| am-
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Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 The 's' is pronounced somewhere between /s/ and /z/
- ^ Katz, p.56
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Katz, p.54
- ^ Katz, p.62
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Katz, p.57
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Katz, p.49
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 Katz, p.49
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Katz, p.52
- ^ Katz, p.51
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Katz, p.52
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Katz, p.52
- ^ Albright, p.7
- ^ Katz, p.53
References
- Albright, Adam (2008) “Inflectional paradigms have bases too: Arguments from Yiddish”, in Asaf Bachrach and Andrew Nevins, editors, Inflectional identity, London: Oxford University Press, pages 271-312
- Katz, Dovid (1987) Grammar of the Yiddish Language, London: Duckworth, →ISBN