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An en passant capture in chess. When the white pawn moves from its starting position at square a2 to a4 (first diagram), the black pawn at b4 is able to capture the white pawn en passant – as though it had moved only one square to a3 (second and third diagrams).
Turtle doves have long been celebrated for their fidelity; and this turtle dove, though he flirts, en paſſant, with a ſky-lark, a jay, and a quail, does not materially diſcredit the famed conſtancy of his ſpecies, theſe birds being all coquettes: but when he meets (as he fortunately does) with an amiable dove-mate, he is as faithful as any turtle, of any grove.
Mr. William Poole called in, and examined […] I spoke to sheriff Thorpe, en passant, one day in Sackville-street, saying, "I should wish to be on the next commission jury;" and he said, it should be so.
[H]e [the newly elected Pope] is placed on the altar, where all the cardinals, according to their rank, pay their reverence to him, and kiss his feet, hands, and mouth. I should observe, en passant, that cardinals only have the right to kiss the Pope's hand.
(of capturing an enemy pawn in chess) By moving one's pawn to the square that the enemy pawn has just passed over.
2007, Mark A. Borders, “The Rules”, in The Self-Improvement of Chess: Why the Game's Basics Apply to Daily Living, : Lulu, →ISBN, page 12:
[I]f the opponent chooses to make this capture, he must do it immediately on his next move – if he makes any other move on his next move, he forever loses the chance to capture that pawn en passant, though he still retains the right to capture another pawn en passant should a similar situation arise elsewhere.
(chess) A move in which a pawncaptures an opposing pawn on the same rank immediately after the latter has moved forward two squares on its first move in the game, as if it had moved forward only one square.
1998 December 11, Glenn Kaplan, “Chess: not just for losers, but also Trekkies”, in The Oberlin Review, volume 127, number 12, Oberlin, Oh.: The Union Library Association, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 22 January 2017:
Spectators are privy to awe inspiring castles, baffling forks, and breathtaking en passants.
2007, Mark A. Borders, “The Rules”, in The Self-Improvement of Chess: Why the Game's Basics Apply to Daily Living, : Lulu, →ISBN, page 12:
En passant is the rarest of moves. It is a French phrase that means "in passing." This occurs when one player moves a pawn two spaces forward, on its first move, to try to avoid a capture by an opponent pawn. When this happens, the opponent may move his pawn diagonally to the square that the first player passed over (i.e., as if he only moved one space forward). The pawn from the first player is then considered captured and removed from the board.
2012 March 17, Ben Watanabe, “New Mexico Point Guard Kendall Williams Puts Chess Match on Hold During Tournament”, in New England Sports Network, archived from the original on 5 March 2016:
Before he returns to performing some castles and en passants, [Kendall] Williams has to determine his endgame in the tourney.
Grande Prairie's Sandman Hotel will be the scene of some castling, en passants and checkmate action this weekend when the 29th Trumpeter Classic Chess Tournament gets underway.
en passant on Wikipedia.Wikipedia 
