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Egyptian
Etymology
From jwt(negation particle) + -j(nisba ending). The noun jwtj is in turn simply a nominalized use of the adjective jwtj.
(introducing a direct relative clause, with jwtj serving in place of a subject)which is not, who is not, not being
(introducing an indirect relative clause, with a later resumptive pronoun)such that it is not the case that, forwhich it is not the case that
(introducing a noun phrase with suffix pronoun) which has no, who has no, not having, without
Usage notes
When jwtj introduces an indirect relative clause with a pronominal subject, the subject generally takes the form of a suffix pronoun attached to jwtj. However, clauses with a first-person singular subject instead use the dependent pronoun wj, and those with a third-person subject sometimes use the dependent pronoun st. Other subjects can rarely also appear in dependent-pronoun form.
Properly speaking, the usage of jwtj with a noun phrase also introduces an indirect relative clause; it constitutes the relative counterpart of a negated existential clause with nn.
Analogously to jw, jwtj asserts that the statement in the clause is false at the time of the statement, marking it as modally realis.
From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural. In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.
(introducing an indirect relative clause, with a later resumptive pronoun) he for whom it is not the case that, one for whom it is not the case that, that for which it is not the case that
― jwtj ḫsf.f ― one who cannot be warded off
(introducing a noun phrase with suffix pronoun) he who doesn’t have, one not having, one without
― jwtj snnw.f ― one without equal
― jwtj wn.f ― one without a fault
― jwtj ḫt.f ― dispossessed person (literally, “one without a thing/possession of his”)
(without a following relative clause or noun phrase) he who doesn’t exist, one who doesn’t exist, that which doesn’t exist
“jw.tj (lemma ID 22030)”, “jw.tj (lemma ID 23140)”, and “jw.tj (lemma ID 856668)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
