rugio

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See also: rugió

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *rougjō. Per De Vaan, related to Ancient Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai, “roar”), ὀρῠμαγδός (orumagdós, “noise”), ὠρῡγή (ōrūgḗ, “noise, roaring”), and possibly related to rū̆dō (“(of lions) to roar; (of donkeys) to bray”). Despite the phonetic similarity to ērūgō (“belch”), De Vaan thinks cognacy is unlikely, viewing the semantics as a poor match (although Greek ἐρεύγομαι (ereúgomai) also has the meaning "belch", which De Vaan considers a homophone).[1] Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (“to roar”).

Pronunciation

  • (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /ˈruː.ɡi.oː/, or IPA(key): /ˈru.ɡi.oː/,
  • (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈru.d͡ʒi.o/,
  • The u in the first syllable is marked short by Lewis and Short as well as Gaffiot, but long by De Vaan (2008) and Wartburg (1928–2002).[2] Buchi and Schweickard say that although the Romance outcomes require the reconstruction of Proto-Romance */u/ (as if from long ū), the quantity of the vowel in written Latin is uncertain.[3]

Verb

rū̆giō (present infinitive rū̆gīre, perfect active rū̆gīvī or rū̆giī); fourth conjugation, no passive, no supine stem

  1. (intransitive) to roar, bellow; rumble
    • 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Ieremias.2.15:
      super eum rugierunt leones et dederunt vocem suam posuerunt terram eius in solitudinem civitates eius exustae sunt et non est qui habitet in eis
      The young lions have roared on him, and yelled; and they have made his land waste: his cities are burned up, without inhabitant.
  2. (intransitive) to bray

Conjugation

   Conjugation of rū̆giō (fourth conjugation, no supine stem, active only)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present rū̆giō rū̆gīs rū̆git rū̆gīmus rū̆gītis rū̆giunt
imperfect rū̆giēbam rū̆giēbās rū̆giēbat rū̆giēbāmus rū̆giēbātis rū̆giēbant
future rū̆giam rū̆giēs rū̆giet rū̆giēmus rū̆giētis rū̆gient
perfect rū̆gīvī,
rū̆giī 		rū̆gīvistī,
rū̆giistī 		rū̆gīvit,
rū̆giit 		rū̆gīvimus,
rū̆giimus 		rū̆gīvistis,
rū̆giistis 		rū̆gīvērunt,
rū̆gīvēre,
rū̆giērunt,
rū̆giēre
pluperfect rū̆gīveram,
rū̆gieram 		rū̆gīverās,
rū̆gierās 		rū̆gīverat,
rū̆gierat 		rū̆gīverāmus,
rū̆gierāmus 		rū̆gīverātis,
rū̆gierātis 		rū̆gīverant,
rū̆gierant
future perfect rū̆gīverō,
rū̆gierō 		rū̆gīveris,
rū̆gieris 		rū̆gīverit,
rū̆gierit 		rū̆gīverimus,
rū̆gierimus 		rū̆gīveritis,
rū̆gieritis 		rū̆gīverint,
rū̆gierint
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present rū̆giam rū̆giās rū̆giat rū̆giāmus rū̆giātis rū̆giant
imperfect rū̆gīrem rū̆gīrēs rū̆gīret rū̆gīrēmus rū̆gīrētis rū̆gīrent
perfect rū̆gīverim,
rū̆gierim 		rū̆gīverīs,
rū̆gierīs 		rū̆gīverit,
rū̆gierit 		rū̆gīverīmus,
rū̆gierīmus 		rū̆gīverītis,
rū̆gierītis 		rū̆gīverint,
rū̆gierint
pluperfect rū̆gīvissem,
rū̆giissem 		rū̆gīvissēs,
rū̆giissēs 		rū̆gīvisset,
rū̆giisset 		rū̆gīvissēmus,
rū̆giissēmus 		rū̆gīvissētis,
rū̆giissētis 		rū̆gīvissent,
rū̆giissent
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — rū̆gī — — rū̆gīte —
future — rū̆gītō rū̆gītō — rū̆gītōte rū̆giuntō
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives rū̆gīre rū̆gīvisse,
rū̆giisse 		— — — —
participles rū̆giēns — — — — —
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
rū̆giendī rū̆giendō rū̆giendum rū̆giendō — —

Synonyms

Derived terms

Descendants

See also

References

  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “-rūgiō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 528-529
  2. ^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “rūgīre”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 10: R, page 546
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Buchi, Éva, Schweickard, Wolfgang (2008–) “*/ˈruɡ-i-/ v.”, in Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman, Nancy: Analyse et Traitement Informatique de la Langue Française, retrieved 18 May 2023: “Si la reconstruction comparative exige clairement */ˈu/, la quantité du <u> en latin écrit est mal assurée (cf. Ernout/Meillet4).”.

Further reading

  • “rŭgĭo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • rŭgĭŏ in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

Lithuanian

Noun

rùgio

  1. genitive singular of rugỹs (“rye”)
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