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Egyptian
Etymology
Loprieno suggests an origin from tj (“while”) + wj (first-person pronoun), with tj from earlier (j)sṯ, from Old Egyptian (j)sk. Stauder argues against this hypothesis and instead proposes a development from ntt (complementizer) + wj (first-person pronoun) with subsequent reanalysis. Regardless of origin, later reinterpreted as an element tw + the suffix pronoun .j.
Pronunciation
Pronoun
sg 1. proclitic (‘subject form’) pronoun
- I
Usage notes
This form of pronoun is a proclitic that must stand at the beginning of a sentence (generally adverbial) and cannot come after any particles. It always indicates the subject of the sentence.
Inflection
Old Egyptian personal pronouns
|
|
number
|
first person
|
second person
|
third person
|
| masculine
|
feminine
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
| suffix pronouns
|
singular
|
∅, .j
|
.k, .kj1
|
.ṯ, .ṯn
|
.f, .fj1
|
.s, .sj1
|
| dual
|
.nj
|
.ṯnj
|
.snj
|
| plural
|
.n
|
.ṯn
|
.sn
|
|
|
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns
|
singular
|
w, wj, wy
|
kw, k, ṯw, ṯ
|
ṯm, ṯn
|
sw, s
|
s
|
| dual
|
—
|
ṯnj
|
snj
|
| plural
|
n
|
ṯn
|
sn
|
|
|
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns
|
singular
|
jnk
|
ṯwt
|
ṯmt
|
swt
|
stt
|
| dual
|
—
|
—
|
ntsnj
|
| plural
|
—
|
ntṯn
|
ntsn, jntsn
|
|
|
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings
|
singular
|
.kj, .k
|
.tj, .t
|
∅, .j
|
.tj, .t
|
| dual
|
—
|
.tjwn
|
.wy, .wj
|
.ty
|
| plural
|
.wn, .nw
|
∅, .w, .y, .wy
|
.tj, .t
|
- Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.
|
Middle Egyptian personal pronouns
|
|
number
|
first person
|
second person
|
third person
|
| masculine
|
feminine
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
| suffix pronouns
|
singular
|
∅, .j
|
.k, .kj1
|
.ṯ, .t
|
.f, .fj1
|
.s, .sj1
|
| dual2
|
.nj
|
.ṯnj, .tnj
|
.snj
|
| plural
|
.n
|
.ṯn, .tn
|
.sn, .w3
|
|
|
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns
|
singular
|
wj, w
|
ṯw, tw
|
ṯn, tn
|
sw, st
|
sj, s, st
|
| plural
|
n
|
ṯn, tn
|
sn, st
|
|
|
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns
|
singular
|
jnk
|
ntk, ṯwt2
|
ntṯ, ntt, ṯwt2
|
ntf, swt2
|
nts, swt2
|
| plural
|
jnn3
|
ntṯn, nttn
|
ntsn
|
|
|
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings
|
singular
|
.kw
|
.tj, .t, .tw3
|
∅, .w
|
.tj, .t, .tw3
|
| plural
|
.wn, .wjn
|
.tjwn, .tjwnj
|
∅, .w, .y
|
|
|
| proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns3
|
singular
|
tw.j
|
tw.k
|
tw.t
|
sw
|
sj, st
|
| plural
|
tw.n
|
tw.tn
|
st
|
- Only when attached to a dual noun or prospective participle.
- Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.
- Only in postclassical (Neo-Middle Egyptian) texts.
|
Late Egyptian personal pronouns
|
|
number
|
first person
|
second person
|
third person
|
| masculine
|
feminine
|
masculine
|
feminine
|
| suffix pronouns
|
singular
|
∅, .j
|
.k, .kw
|
.t
|
.f, .fj
|
.s, .st, .sw
|
| plural
|
.n
|
.tn, .twn
|
.w, .sn1
|
|
|
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns1
|
singular
|
wj
|
tw, tj
|
sw, st
|
| plural
|
n, wn
|
twn
|
sn, st
|
|
|
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns
|
singular
|
jnk
|
mntk, mtwk
|
mntt, mtwy
|
mntf
|
mntst, mntjst
|
| plural
|
jnn
|
mnttn
|
mntw
|
|
|
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings1
|
singular
|
.kw, .k
|
.tj, .tw
|
∅, .w, .y
|
.tj, .tw
|
| plural
|
.nw
|
.tn
|
∅, .w, .y
|
| unmarked (later)
|
∅, .tw
|
|
|
| proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns
|
singular
|
tw.j
|
tw.k
|
tw.t
|
sw
|
st, sw
|
| plural
|
tw.n
|
tw.tn
|
st, sw, swt
|
- Only in formal texts, especially religious texts.
|
References
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 116.
- ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Stauder, Andréas (2016) “L’origine du pronom sujet néo-égyptien (twꞽ, twk, sw, etc.)” in Revue d’ Egyptologie, volume 67, pages 141–155
