τύραννος
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Ancient Greek
Etymology
Perhaps a borrowing of a Lydian word for “king” or a similar word in another language of Asia Minor.
Compare Hittite (šarawanaš), (tarawanaš), Philistine 𐤈𐤓𐤍 (ṭrn, “lord, ruler”), Τυρρηνός (Turrhēnós, “Etruscan”), τύρσις (túrsis, “tower”) and Etruscan 𐌕𐌖𐌓𐌏𐌍 (turon, “mistress, lady”), a surname of Venus, which is probably related.
Beekes argued for a Pre-Greek origin.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /tý.ran.nos/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈty.ran.nos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈty.ran.nos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈty.ran.nos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈti.ra.nos/
Noun
τῠ́ρᾰννος • (túrannos) m or f (genitive τῠρᾰ́ννου); second declension
- absolute ruler (i.e. of gods, kings), initially applied to Lydian king Γύγης (Gúgēs)
- (with negative connotation) tyrant, dictator, despot
Inflection
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ, ἡ τῠ́ρᾰννος ho, hē túrannos |
τὼ τῠρᾰ́ννω tṑ turánnō |
οἱ, αἱ τῠ́ρᾰννοι hoi, hai túrannoi | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ, τῆς τῠρᾰ́ννου toû, tês turánnou |
τοῖν τῠρᾰ́ννοιν toîn turánnoin |
τῶν τῠρᾰ́ννων tôn turánnōn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ, τῇ τῠρᾰ́ννῳ tôi, têi turánnōi |
τοῖν τῠρᾰ́ννοιν toîn turánnoin |
τοῖς, ταῖς τῠρᾰ́ννοις toîs, taîs turánnois | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸν, τὴν τῠ́ρᾰννον tòn, tḕn túrannon |
τὼ τῠρᾰ́ννω tṑ turánnō |
τοὺς, τᾱ̀ς τῠρᾰ́ννους toùs, tā̀s turánnous | ||||||||||
| Vocative | τῠ́ρᾰννε túranne |
τῠρᾰ́ννω turánnō |
τῠ́ρᾰννοι túrannoi | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
- οἰκοτῠ́ρᾰννος (oikotúrannos)
- τῠραννεύω (turanneúō)
- τῠραννέω (turannéō)
- τῠραννίς (turannís)
- τῠραννίᾱ (turanníā)
- τῠραννῐκός (turannikós)
Descendants
- → Coptic: ⲧⲩⲣⲁⲛⲟⲥ (turanos)
- → Latin: tyrannus (see there for further descendants)
- → Lithuanian: tironas
Adjective
τῠ́ρᾰννος • (túrannos) m or f (neuter τῠ́ρᾰννον); second declension
Inflection
| Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case/Gender | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | Masculine / Feminine | Neuter | ||||||||
| Nominative | τῠ́ρᾰννος túrannos |
τῠ́ρᾰννον túrannon |
τῠρᾰ́ννω turánnō |
τῠρᾰ́ννω turánnō |
τῠ́ρᾰννοι túrannoi |
τῠ́ρᾰννᾰ túranna | ||||||||
| Genitive | τῠρᾰ́ννου turánnou |
τῠρᾰ́ννου turánnou |
τῠρᾰ́ννοιν turánnoin |
τῠρᾰ́ννοιν turánnoin |
τῠρᾰ́ννων turánnōn |
τῠρᾰ́ννων turánnōn | ||||||||
| Dative | τῠρᾰ́ννῳ turánnōi |
τῠρᾰ́ννῳ turánnōi |
τῠρᾰ́ννοιν turánnoin |
τῠρᾰ́ννοιν turánnoin |
τῠρᾰ́ννοις turánnois |
τῠρᾰ́ννοις turánnois | ||||||||
| Accusative | τῠ́ρᾰννον túrannon |
τῠ́ρᾰννον túrannon |
τῠρᾰ́ννω turánnō |
τῠρᾰ́ννω turánnō |
τῠρᾰ́ννους turánnous |
τῠ́ρᾰννᾰ túranna | ||||||||
| Vocative | τῠ́ρᾰννε túranne |
τῠ́ρᾰννον túrannon |
τῠρᾰ́ννω turánnō |
τῠρᾰ́ννω turánnō |
τῠ́ρᾰννοι túrannoi |
τῠ́ρᾰννᾰ túranna | ||||||||
| Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
| τῠρᾰ́ννως turánnōs |
τῠρᾰννότερος turannóteros |
τῠρᾰννότᾰτος turannótatos | ||||||||||||
| Notes: |
| |||||||||||||
References
- “τύραννος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “τύραννος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- τύραννος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- “τύραννος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- autocrat idem, page 54.
- despot idem, page 217.
- despotic idem, page 217.
- imperial idem, page 420.
- imperious idem, page 420.
- king idem, page 469.
- kingly idem, page 470.
- lord idem, page 500.
- masterful idem, page 517.
- princely idem, page 641.
- princess idem, page 641.
- queen idem, page 664.
- queenly idem, page 664.
- regal idem, page 686.
- royal idem, page 724.
- ruler idem, page 726.
- tyrannical idem, page 905.
- tyrant idem, page 905.
- usurper idem, page 941.
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- ^ Gregory Nagy, Homer the Preclassic (→ISBN), page 363: Even the Greek usage of the word turannos 'tyrant' is relevant, since it represents the Lydian word for 'king'.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “tyrant”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ Nancy K. Sandars, The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean, 1250–1150 BC, Thames and Hudson, 1978
Greek
Noun
τύραννος • (týrannos) m (plural τύραννοι)
- tyrant
- (historical) tyrant (an absolute ruler in ancient Greece)
Declension
Declension of τύραννος
Synonyms
Related terms
- τυραννία f (tyrannía, “tyranny”)
- τυραννικός (tyrannikós, “tyrannical”)
- τυραννώ (tyrannó, “to tyrannise”)
Further reading
τύραννος on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia el
