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From Middle Persian(hlbyck'/xarbīzag/, “watermelon”), of unclear origin:
According to Horn, the latter is formed as (xar, “ass, donkey”) + (bwcnʾ/bōzīnʾ/, “cucumber; citron”). The first part is from Proto-Indo-Iranian*kʰáras, and the second part is probably related to Proto-Semitic*būṣ-. However, this is considered a folk etymology by Nişanyan.
According to Pelliot, a reshaping of Sanskritत्रपुस(trapusa, “the fruit of colocynth”) by popular etymology.
Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “խարպիզակ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 348b
Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20) (in German), volume III, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1590
Horn, Paul (1893) “xerbuze”, in Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (in German), Strasbourg: K.J. Trübner, page 105
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “арбуз”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress