ἥρως
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Ancient Greek
Etymology
Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“watch over, protect”), though Beekes derives the word from a pre-Greek substrate, based on the form of the Mycenaean cognate (ti-ri-se-ro-e). Cognate with Latin servō and possibly Ἥρα (Hḗra).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /hɛ̌ː.rɔːs/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈ(h)e̝.ros/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈi.ros/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈi.ros/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈi.ros/
Noun
ἥρως • (hḗrōs) m (genitive ἥρωος); third declension
- (Homeric) a hero of the Trojan War: any of the major combatants of the Greek or Trojan forces
- (classical) a hero or heroine of the ancient Greek religion: a human or demigod whose shrine was celebrated with chthonic rituals organized by local governments
Usage notes
Because the root of ἥρως (hḗrōs) ends with a vowel instead of a consonant, shortenings are common, such as ἥρως (hḗrōs) for the genitive singular and ἥρῳ (hḗrōi) for the dative singular.
Declension
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ ἥρως ho hḗrōs |
τὼ ἥρωε tṑ hḗrōe |
οἱ ἥρωες hoi hḗrōes | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ ἥρωος toû hḗrōos |
τοῖν ἡρώοιν toîn hērṓoin |
τῶν ἡρώων tôn hērṓōn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ ἥρῳ / ἥρωῐ̈ tôi hḗrōi / hḗrōï |
τοῖν ἡρώοιν toîn hērṓoin |
τοῖς ἥρωσῐ / ἥρωσῐν toîs hḗrōsi(n) | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸν ἥρω / ἥρωᾰ tòn hḗrō / hḗrōa |
τὼ ἥρωε tṑ hḗrōe |
τοὺς ἥρωᾰς toùs hḗrōas | ||||||||||
| Vocative | ἥρως hḗrōs |
ἥρωε hḗrōe |
ἥρωες hḗrōes | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ἥρως hḗrōs |
ἥρωε hḗrōe |
ἥρωες hḗrōes | ||||||||||
| Genitive | ἥρωος hḗrōos |
ἡρώοιῐν hērṓoiin |
ἡρώων hērṓōn | ||||||||||
| Dative | ἥρῳ / ἥρωῐ̈ hḗrōi / hḗrōï |
ἡρώοιῐν hērṓoiin |
ἥρωσῐ / ἥρωσῐν / ἡρώεσσῐ / ἡρώεσσῐν / ἡρώεσῐ / ἡρώεσῐν hḗrōsi(n) / hērṓessi(n) / hērṓesi(n) | ||||||||||
| Accusative | ἥρω / ἥρωᾰ hḗrō / hḗrōa |
ἥρωε hḗrōe |
ἥρωᾰς hḗrōas | ||||||||||
| Vocative | ἥρως hḗrōs |
ἥρωε hḗrōe |
ἥρωες hḗrōes | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
Descendants
References
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000)
- ^ Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition (1999)
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 526
Further reading
- “ἥρως”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ἥρως”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ἥρως”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ἥρως in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- ἥρως in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “ἥρως”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000)