老撾
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See also: 老挝
Chinese
| phonetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (老撾) | 老 | 撾 | |
| simp. (老挝) | 老 | 挝 | |
| alternative forms | 老抓 historical | ||
Etymology
Attested since the Ming dynasty, with the second character pronounced like zhuā. Its usage was gradually surpassed by 寮國, until it was reintroduced as the official name for Laos in the 1950s by PRC marshal Chen Yi. The wō pronunciation for the second character is relatively recent (from the 1960s), most likely since 老撾 as a whole was re-interpreted as a transcription of Lao ລາວ (lāo, “Lao”).
The first character 老 (lǎo) is from Lao ລາວ (lāo), the autonym of the Lao people.
The origin of the second character is less clear:
- According to Dianlüe (滇略), written by the Ming dynasty writer Xie Zhaozhe (謝肇淛), 撾 is a corruption of 爪 (zhuǎ, “animal claws (which the Lao people used as ornaments)”).
- Alternatively, modern writer Cai Wencong (蔡文欉) postulates that 撾 comes from Lao ຊວາ (suā, “Sua, the ancient name of Luang Prabang”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): lou5 wo1 / lou5 gwo1
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄠˇ ㄨㄛ
- Tongyong Pinyin: Lǎowo
- Wade–Giles: Lao3-wo1
- Yale: Lǎu-wō
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Laouo
- Palladius: Лаово (Laovo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ wɔ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄠˇ ㄓㄨㄚ
- Tongyong Pinyin: Lǎojhua
- Wade–Giles: Lao3-chua1
- Yale: Lǎu-jwā
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Laojua
- Palladius: Лаочжуа (Laočžua)
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ä⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: lou5 wo1 / lou5 gwo1
- Yale: lóuh wō / lóuh gwō
- Cantonese Pinyin: lou5 wo1 / lou5 gwo1
- Guangdong Romanization: lou5 wo1 / lou5 guo1
- Sinological IPA (key): /lou̯¹³ wɔː⁵⁵/, /lou̯¹³ kʷɔː⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Láu-o
- Tâi-lô: Láu-o
- Phofsit Daibuun: lawoy
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ o⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lau⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ o³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lāu-o
- Tâi-lô: Lāu-o
- Phofsit Daibuun: lauxoy
- IPA (Xiamen): /lau²²⁻²¹ o⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Láu-choa
- Tâi-lô: Láu-tsua
- Phofsit Daibuun: lawzoaf
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /lau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sua⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: lao6 go1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lău ko
- Sinological IPA (key): /lau³⁵⁻¹¹ ko³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
Proper noun
老撾
- (chiefly Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Singapore) Laos (a country in Southeast Asia)
Synonyms
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 老撾 Mainland China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, 寮國 Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 寮國 |
| Malaysia | 老撾, 寮國 | |
| Singapore | 老撾, 寮國 | |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Dagudi (Maliba) | 老撾, 寮國 |
| Reshuitang (Longling) | 老撾, 寮國 | |
| Mae Salong (Lancang) | 老撾, 寮國 | |
| Mae Sai (Tengchong) | 老撾 | |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 老撾, 寮國 now uncommon |
| Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) | 寮國 | |
| Móng Cái | 老撾 | |
| Mandalay (Taishan) | 老撾 | |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 老撾 |
| Quanzhou | 老撾 | |
| Zhangzhou | 老撾 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 寮國 | |
Derived terms
Descendants
- → Zhuang: Laujvoh