ꜣd

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑd/
  • Conventional anglicization: ad

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive, chiefly of crocodiles) to be(come) aggressive or savage
2. (intransitive) to be(come) raging, angry (+ r: with, toward, + ḥr: about, over)
3. (intransitive) to be(come) aggressively eager or rapacious, to raven (+ r: to be rapacious for, to raven after)
   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.9–1.10:

     (j)m ꜣtw r jwf r gs skn šzp dj.f n.k

     Don’t raven after meat next to a voracious man; partake when he gives to you.

4. (transitive, of fire) to rage at, attack, or harm (someone)
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Coffin Texts, version S1P (outer coffin of Nakhti, Louvre E 11981) spell 148, lines 121–122:

     
     

     jnk ḥr ms.n ꜣst jry mkt.f m ẖnw swḥt nj ꜣd wj hh n(j) r(ꜣ).ṯn nj pḥ.n wj ḏdt.ṯn r.j

     I am Horus, born of Isis, whose protection was made within the egg: the fiery breath of your mouths will not rage against me, and what you may say against me cannot reach me.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣd  

ꜣt

• Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲟⲧ (oot)

 m

1. aggression, rage, fury

   ― ḫsf ꜣd ― to put an end to or fend off (someone’s) fury

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜣd  

ꜣd

Faulkner suggests this word may be a corrupt writing of ꜣhd (“to be(come) weak; to quiver”); Erman and Grapow instead suggest a connection with jꜣd (“to suffer”).

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive, rare, of body parts including the heart) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
   1. to be(come) feeble, listless, or failing
   2. to quiver or palpitate

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive, hapax legomenon) to decay
   • c. 1900 BCE – 1839 BCE, Coffin Texts, version B1C (coffin of Sepi III, Cairo CG 28083) spell 755:

     
     

     wrḏ ꜥwt m ws(j)r nj wrḏ zpwj snwj nj ḥwꜣ.sn ꜣd.sn nj jr mw ḏw

     The limbs in Osiris are weary, but won’t be weary, won’t be weary, they won’t putrefy or decay, won’t make foul fluid (literally, “evil water”).

Possibly identical to the preceding verb (‘to be(come) feeble^?’ or ‘to quiver’). Faulkner identifies it this way in his publication of the Coffin Texts, though he lists the two separately in his earlier dictionary.

 2-lit.

1. (transitive, rare) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
   1. to smear (a pot) (+ m: with (clay))
   2. to smooth (a pot, etc.) (+ m: with (clay))

If the verb ꜣdt is in fact a variant writing of this word, as has been suggested, then the proper meaning is likely ‘to smooth’ or something similar.

See the forms given at ꜣdt as possible variants, if that verb is indeed to be taken as identical to this one.

• “ꜣd (lemma ID 342)”, “ꜣd.w (lemma ID 346)”, “ꜣd (lemma ID 351)”, “ꜣd (lemma ID 348)”, and “ꜣd (lemma ID 349)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 24.12–24.19, 24.24, 25.1–25.3
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 7
• James P Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 174, 276, 455.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 242
• Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 156