뿌리
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뿌리 (ppuri, “root”)
Korean
Etymology
First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 불휘〮 (Yale: pwùlhwúy), from pre-Middle Korean *pwùlùkwúy.[1] Most dialectal forms that superficially appear to have preserved */-k-/ have actually just appended various suffixes with /-k-/ to 뿌리 (ppuri).[2][3] However, the sporadic Gyeongsang forms that begin with 뿔ㄱ (ppulg-), such as 뿔개이 (ppulgaei), represent a genuine archaism of the */-k-/.[4]
Beyond Middle Korean, the Korean word was borrowed at some point by Jurchens/Manchus as Manchu ᡶᡠᠯᡝᡥᡝ (fulehe, “root”); contrast with native Tungusic ᡩᠠ (da, “root”).[1] See the Manchu entry for more.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key):
- Phonetic hangul:
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | ppuri |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | ppuli |
| McCune–Reischauer? | ppuri |
| Yale Romanization? | ppuli |
- South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 뿌리의 / 뿌리에 / 뿌리까지
Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch only on the first syllable, and lowers the pitch of subsequent suffixes.
Noun
뿌리 • (ppuri)
- root (of plants)
- (figurative) origin, source
- Synonym: 근원(根源) (geunwon)
- (rare, nativising coinage) Synonym of 어근(語根) (eogeun, “linguistic root, root morpheme”).
Synonyms
| Historical and regional synonyms of 뿌리 (ppuri, “root”) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| view map; edit data | |||
| Group | Region | Location | Words |
| Standardised forms | South Korean Standard Language | 뿌리 (ppuri) | |
| North Korean Cultured Language | 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Historical forms | Middle Korean | 불휘〮 (pwùlhwúy) | |
| Early Modern Seoul Korean | 불희 (bulhui), ᄲᅮ릐 (ppurui) | ||
| Central Korean | Gyeonggi | Modern colloquial Seoul | 뿌리 (ppuri) |
| Guri | 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌럭지 (ppureokji), 뿌러지 (ppureoji) | ||
| Yeongdong | Gangneung | 뿌레기 (ppùrégì), 뿌럭지 (ppùréokjì) | |
| Yangyang | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Samcheok | 뿌레기 (ppùrégì) | ||
| Jeongseon | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| North Chungcheong | Cheongju | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri) | |
| Chungju | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Danyang | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Goesan | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i) | ||
| Boeun | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Okcheon | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i) | ||
| Yeongdong | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| South Chungcheong | Daejeon | 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌링이 (ppuring'i) | |
| Taean | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Seosan | 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌러기 (ppureogi), 뿌럭지 (ppureokji) | ||
| Dangjin | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌레기 (ppuregi), 뿌럭지 (ppureokji) | ||
| Asan | 뿌렁이 (ppureong'i) | ||
| Cheonan | 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌렁지 (ppureongji) | ||
| Yesan | 뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌리기 (ppurigi), 뿌럭지 (ppureokji) | ||
| Hongseong | 뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌래기 (ppuraegi), 뿌러기 (ppureogi) | ||
| Cheongyang | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Gongju | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Yeongi | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Boryeong | 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Buyeo | 뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Seocheon | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Nonsan | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Geumsan | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i) | ||
| Gyeongsang Korean | North Gyeongsang | Daegu | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri) |
| Yeongju | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Uljin | 뿌리기 (ppurigi), 뿌런거지 (ppureon'geoji), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Yecheon | 뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì) | ||
| Andong | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Uiseong | 뿌랙지 (ppuraekji), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Cheongsong | 뿌레기 (ppuregi), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Yeongdeok | 뿔거지 (ppulgeoji), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Gimcheon | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Pohang | 뿔거지 (ppulgeoji), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Gyeongsan | 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Yeongcheon | 뿔거지 (ppulgeoji) | ||
| Goryeong | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì) | ||
| Ulleung | 뿌렁거지 (ppureonggeoji), 뿔거지 (ppulgeoji) | ||
| South Gyeongsang | Busan | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri) | |
| Ulsan | 뿌래이 (ppuraei), 뿔거지 (ppulgeoji), 뿔개이 (ppulgaei), 뿌러지 (ppureoji), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Changwon | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì), 뿌래이 (ppuraei), 뿌룽구 (ppurunggu), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Geochang | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌래이 (ppuraei), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Hapcheon | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì), 뿌래이 (ppuraei), 뿌렁지 (ppureongji) | ||
| Changnyeong | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Miryang | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Hamyang | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Sancheong | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌렁이 (ppùrẽ́́uì) | ||
| Hadong | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì) | ||
| Jinju | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Haman | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Gimhae | 뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Yangsan | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì), 뿔거지 (ppulgeoji), 뿌래이 (ppuraei), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Sacheon | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Goseong | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Namhae | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌랭이 (ppùrã́eì), 뿌래이 (ppuraei), 뿌룽구 (ppurunggu), 뿌우리 (ppuuri) | ||
| Tongyeong | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리이 (ppurii) | ||
| Geoje | 뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì), 뿌리이 (ppurii), 뿌룽구 (ppurunggu), 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu) | ||
| Diaspora | Jilin City | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | |
| Jeolla Korean | North Jeolla | Jeonju | 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri) |
| Gunsan | 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Jinan | 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i) | ||
| Muju | 뿌링이 (ppuring'i) | ||
| Gimje | 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu) | ||
| Jeongeup | 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu) | ||
| Imsil | 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Jangsu | 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i) | ||
| Sunchang | 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i) | ||
| Namwon | 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| South Jeolla | Gwangju | 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu), 뿌랑구 (ppuranggu), 뿌리 (ppuri) | |
| Yeonggwang | 뿌랭이 (ppurẽi), 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu) | ||
| Jangseong | 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu) | ||
| Damyang | 뿌랭이 (ppureng'i) | ||
| Gokseong | 뿌랭이 (ppureng'i) | ||
| Sinan | 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu), 뿌렁이 (ppureong'i) | ||
| Muan | 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu) | ||
| Mokpo | 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Naju | 뿌렝기 (ppurenggi), 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Hwasun | 뿌랭기 (ppurenggi) | ||
| Suncheon | 뿌랭이 (ppureng'i) | ||
| Gwangyang | 뿌랑구 (ppuranggu), 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i) | ||
| Yeongam | 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Jindo | 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu) | ||
| Haenam | 뿌랑구 (ppuranggu) | ||
| Gangjin | 뿌리 (ppuri) | ||
| Wando | 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu), 뿌랑구 (ppuranggu), 뿌당구 (ppudanggu), 뿌렁지 (ppureongji) | ||
| Jangheung | 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu) | ||
| Boseong | 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu) | ||
| Yeosu | 뿌랭기 (ppurenggi), 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu) | ||
| Pyongan Korean | South Pyongan | Chunghwa | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) |
| Kangso | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Ryonggang | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Nampo | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Taedong | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Pyongwon | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Songchon | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Unsan | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Sunchon | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Anju | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Kaechon | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Maengsan | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Tokchon | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Nyongwon | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| North Pyongan | Sinuiju | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | |
| Uiju | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Pakchon | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Chongju | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Cholsan | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Nyongbyon | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Taechon | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Unsan | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Sakju | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Huichon | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Kanggye | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Chasong | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) | ||
| Hamgyong Korean | North Hamgyong | Kimhyongjik | 뿌레기 (ppuregi) |
| Yukjin Korean | Diaspora | Hunchun | 뿌리 (ppùrí) |
| Jeju | Jeju City | 뿔리 (ppulli), 뿔희 (ppulhui), 불희 (bulhui), 불리 (bulli) | |
| Daejeong | 뿔리 (ppulli), 뿔희 (ppulhui), 불희 (bulhui), 불리 (bulli) | ||
| Gujwa | 뿔리 (ppulli), 뿔희 (ppulhui), 불희 (bulhui), 불리 (bulli), 뿌렝이 (ppureng'i) | ||
| Seogwipo | 뿔리 (ppulli), 뿔희 (ppulhui), 불희 (bulhui), 불리 (bulli) | ||
| This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers, which has lexically converged towards the standard Seoul dialect in both North and South Koreas. | |||
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vovin, Alexander (2006) “Why Manchu and Jurchen Look So Un-Tungusic”, in Alessandra Pozzi, Juha Janhunen and Michael Weiers, editors, Tumen jalafun secen aku. Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pages 255-266
- ^ 金英培 (1979) “平安方言의 形態論的 考察 [A morphological study of the Pyongan dialect]”, in Seonggok nonchong, volume 10, pages 249—290
- ^ 이기갑 [igigap] (2005) “전남 방언의 파생접미사(I)—명사와 동사의 파생을 중심으로— [jeonnam bang'eonui pasaengjeommisa(I)-myeongsawa dongsaui pasaeng'eul jungsimeuro-, Derivational suffixes in the southern Jeolla dialect of Korean: Focusing on the derivation of nouns and verbs]”, in Eoneohak, volume 41, pages 159—193
- ^ 신승용 (Shin Seung-yong) (2003) “/k/ > /h/ 變化에 對한 考察 [Study on the /k/ > /h/ shift]”, in Gugeohak, volume 41, pages 93—122