πάσχω

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Ancient Greek

Etymology

The four principal parts of the verb display the e-grade, o-grade, and zero-grade (πενθ-, πονθ-, παθ- (penth-, ponth-, path-)) of a root of uncertain identity.

The root is traditionally taken to be a Proto-Indo-European *kʷendʰ- (“to suffer, endure”), with the principal parts mentioned above reflecting *kʷendʰ-, *kʷondʰ-, *kʷn̥dʰ. In this case, cognate with Old Irish césaid (“to suffer”), Lithuanian kentė́ti (“to suffer”) (1st-person present singular kenčiù (“I suffer”)), pakanta (“patience”).[1] Note, however, that in addition to phonetic issues (the Lithuanian expected form would be *kendė́ti, for example), the structure of the hypothetical root *kʷendʰ- is atypical for Proto-Indo-European.

As an alternative, Beekes and others have connected the word to Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind”) with semantic shift “to be bound” > “to suffer”. Cognates would then include Ancient Greek πενθερός (pentherós, “father-in-law”).[2][3][4]

The present πάσχω (páskhō), like the aorist ἔπαθον (épathon), comes from the zero-grade παθ- (path-), but with the inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō) added *πάθ-σκ-ω (*páth-sk-ō) and subsequent loss of θ (th) before σ (s) and transference of aspiration from θ (th) to κ (k), resulting in χ (kh). The future stem πείσομαι (peísomai) developed from *πενθ-σ-ομαι (*penth-s-omai), from e-grade πενθ- (penth-) with the tense-suffix σ (s), with subsequent cluster simplification νθσ > σ (nths > s) and compensatory lengthening *ε > ει (*e > ei). The future stem πείσω (peísō) of the verb πείθω (peíthō, “persuade”) is identical.

Pronunciation

 

Verb

πᾰ́σχω • (páskhō)

  1. to undergo, experience (as opposed to acting)
  2. (with another person involved) have someone do something to oneself, to be treated a certain way by someone (with ὑπό (hupó) and genitive, sometimes with adverb of manner)
    1. (in a negative sense) suffer at someone's hands
      • 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 927–929:
        Ἀντιγόνη   εἰ δ’ οἵδ’ ἁμαρτάνουσι, μὴ πλείω κακὰ
        πάθοιεν ἢ καὶ δρῶσιν ἐκδίκως ἐμέ.
        Antigónē   ei d’ hoíd’ hamartánousi, mḕ pleíō kakà
        páthoien ḕ kaì drôsin ekdíkōs emé.
        Antigone:   But if they are wrong , let them suffer no worse than they are doing unjustly to me.
    2. (law) to suffer a punishment
  3. (without a person involved) to experience something, have something happen to one, undergo something
    1. to be in a certain situation (with adverb of manner)
    2. to feel an emotion or impulse
    3. (in negative sense) suffer
    4. to be ill or injured in a certain way (with accusative of part affected)
      Πάσχω τὴν καρδίαν.
      Páskhō tḕn kardían.
      I suffer in the heart.
      Κακῶς πάσχειν.
      Kakôs páskhein.
      To suffer badly.

Inflection

   Present: πᾰ́σχω
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative πᾰ́σχω πᾰ́σχεις πᾰ́σχει πᾰ́σχετον πᾰ́σχετον πᾰ́σχομεν πᾰ́σχετε πᾰ́σχουσῐ(ν)
subjunctive πᾰ́σχω πᾰ́σχῃς πᾰ́σχῃ πᾰ́σχητον πᾰ́σχητον πᾰ́σχωμεν πᾰ́σχητε πᾰ́σχωσῐ(ν)
optative πᾰ́σχοιμῐ πᾰ́σχοις πᾰ́σχοι πᾰ́σχοιτον πᾰσχοίτην πᾰ́σχοιμεν πᾰ́σχοιτε πᾰ́σχοιεν
imperative   πᾰ́σχε πᾰσχέτω πᾰ́σχετον πᾰσχέτων   πᾰ́σχετε πᾰσχόντων
active
infinitive πᾰ́σχειν
participle m πᾰ́σχων
f πᾰ́σχουσᾰ
n πᾰ́σχον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ἔπᾰσχον, ἐπᾰσχόμην
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἔπᾰσχον ἔπᾰσχες ἔπᾰσχε(ν) ἐπᾰ́σχετον ἐπᾰσχέτην ἐπᾰ́σχομεν ἐπᾰ́σχετε ἔπᾰσχον
middle/
passive 		indicative ἐπᾰσχόμην ἐπᾰ́σχου ἐπᾰ́σχετο ἐπᾰ́σχεσθον ἐπᾰσχέσθην ἐπᾰσχόμεθᾰ ἐπᾰ́σχεσθε ἐπᾰ́σχοντο
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: πείσομαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
middle indicative πείσομαι πείσῃ,
πείσει 		πείσεται πείσεσθον πείσεσθον πεισόμεθᾰ πείσεσθε πείσονται
optative πεισοίμην πείσοιο πείσοιτο πείσοισθον πεισοίσθην πεισοίμεθᾰ πείσοισθε πείσοιντο
middle
infinitive πείσεσθαι
participle m πεισόμενος
f πεισομένη
n πεισόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: ἔπᾰθον
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἔπᾰθον ἔπᾰθες ἔπᾰθε(ν) ἐπᾰ́θετον ἐπᾰθέτην ἐπᾰ́θομεν ἐπᾰ́θετε ἔπᾰθον
subjunctive πᾰ́θω πᾰ́θῃς πᾰ́θῃ πᾰ́θητον πᾰ́θητον πᾰ́θωμεν πᾰ́θητε πᾰ́θωσῐ(ν)
optative πᾰ́θοιμῐ πᾰ́θοις πᾰ́θοι πᾰ́θοιτον πᾰθοίτην πᾰ́θοιμεν πᾰ́θοιτε πᾰ́θοιεν
imperative   πᾰ́θε πᾰθέτω πᾰ́θετον πᾰθέτων   πᾰ́θετε πᾰθόντων
active
infinitive πᾰθεῖν
participle m πᾰθών
f πᾰθοῦσᾰ
n πᾰθόν
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: πᾰ́θον (Epic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative πᾰ́θον πᾰ́θες πᾰ́θε(ν) πᾰ́θετον πᾰθέτην πᾰ́θομεν πᾰ́θετε πᾰ́θον
subjunctive πᾰ́θω,
πᾰ́θωμῐ 		πᾰ́θῃς,
πᾰ́θῃσθᾰ 		πᾰ́θῃ,
πᾰ́θῃσῐ 		πᾰ́θητον πᾰ́θητον πᾰ́θωμεν πᾰ́θητε πᾰ́θωσῐ(ν)
optative πᾰ́θοιμῐ πᾰ́θοις/πᾰ́θοισθᾰ πᾰ́θοι πᾰθεῖτον πᾰθείτην πᾰθεῖμεν πᾰθεῖτε πᾰθεῖεν
imperative   πᾰ́θε πᾰθέτω πᾰ́θετον πᾰθέτων   πᾰ́θετε πᾰθόντων
active
infinitive πᾰθεῖν/πᾰθέμεν(αι)
participle m πᾰθών
f πᾰθοῦσᾰ
n πᾰθόν
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: πέπονθᾰ
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative πέπονθᾰ πέπονθᾰς πέπονθε(ν) πεπόνθᾰτον πεπόνθᾰτον πεπόνθᾰμεν πεπόνθᾰτε/πέπασθε/πέποσθε πεπόνθᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive πεπόνθω πεπόνθῃς πεπόνθῃ πεπόνθητον πεπόνθητον πεπόνθωμεν πεπόνθητε πεπόνθωσῐ(ν)
optative πεπόνθοιμῐ,
πεπονθοίην 		πεπόνθοις,
πεπονθοίης 		πεπόνθοι,
πεπονθοίη 		πεπόνθοιτον πεπονθοίτην πεπόνθοιμεν πεπόνθοιτε πεπόνθοιεν
imperative   πέπονθε πεπονθέτω πεπόνθετον πεπονθέτων   πεπόνθετε πεπονθόντων
active
infinitive πεπονθέναι
participle m πεπονθώς
f πεπονθυῖᾰ/πεπᾰθυῖᾰ
n πεπονθός
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: πέποσχᾰ (Doric)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative πέποσχᾰ πέποσχᾰς πέποσχε(ν) πεπόσχᾰτον πεπόσχᾰτον πεπόσχᾰμες πεπόσχᾰτε πεποσχᾰ́τι,
πεπόσχᾰντῐ
subjunctive πεπόσχω πεπόσχῃς πεπόσχῃ πεπόσχητον πεπόσχητον πεπόσχωμες πεπόσχητε πεπόσχωντῐ
optative πεπόσχοιμῐ,
πεποσχοίην 		πεπόσχοις,
πεποσχοίης 		πεπόσχοι,
πεποσχοίη 		πεπόσχοιτον πεποσχοίτᾱν πεπόσχοιμες πεπόσχοιτε πεπόσχοιεν
imperative   πέποσχε πεποσχέτω πεπόσχετον πεποσχέτων   πεπόσχετε πεποσχόντω
active
infinitive πεποσχέναι
participle m πεποσχώς
f πεποσχυῖᾰ
n πεποσχός
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Pluperfect: ἐπεπόνθειν
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἐπεπόνθειν,
ἐπεπόνθη 		ἐπεπόνθεις,
ἐπεπόνθης 		ἐπεπόνθει(ν) ἐπεπόνθετον ἐπεπονθέτην ἐπεπόνθεμεν ἐπεπόνθετε ἐπεπόνθεσᾰν
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Synonyms

  • (to be in a certain situation): ἔχω (ékhō)

Antonyms

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “*kwent(h)-”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
  2. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πάσχω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1156
  3. ^ Holger Pedersen, Zwei Fälle eines irrtümlich als Labiovelar aufgefassten π, p. 192 ff., in: Revue des Études Indo-européennes (Bucarest), 1/1 (1938), pp. 192–199.
  4. ^ Janda, Michael (2000) Eleusis: Das Indogermanische Erbe Der Mysterien (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 86) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 128

Further reading

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